tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59716510643736468932024-03-14T12:18:09.334+06:00Tanvir's BlogA blog for the comprehensive understanding of Literature, Applied Linguistics and ELTTanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.comBlogger244125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-88130680936476675602022-12-23T16:28:00.000+06:002022-12-23T16:28:58.065+06:00Quotations by Franz Kafka<p>FRANZ KAFKA (1883 –1924), ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT AUSTRIAN (CZECH) JEWISH NOVELISTS AND SHORT STORY WRITERS OF THE 20<sup>TH</sup>-CENTURY MODERN WORLD LITERATURE.</p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpIBjS7sfagpuasBn8uy4Fi1dHje-tN2l1eBCU3WcMnvJb8u1SVSJ2tAIWTrv4tRftWYOkhKMvoGebMkK0q0n3EYlcGuiqM-wQMloI3s_jnZPIRfqLCMe8PJmanQ7SExQWHQBiBOr-Tcs9iud3UbkltH1UVbfwGos5XMKeSsFe4P294r4iHdwRifY1/s2188/franz-kafka.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="“It's sometimes quite astonishing that a single, average life is enough to encompass so much that it's at all possible ever to have any success in one's work here.” ~ Franz Kafka, The Trial" border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="2188" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpIBjS7sfagpuasBn8uy4Fi1dHje-tN2l1eBCU3WcMnvJb8u1SVSJ2tAIWTrv4tRftWYOkhKMvoGebMkK0q0n3EYlcGuiqM-wQMloI3s_jnZPIRfqLCMe8PJmanQ7SExQWHQBiBOr-Tcs9iud3UbkltH1UVbfwGos5XMKeSsFe4P294r4iHdwRifY1/w640-h316/franz-kafka.jpg" title="“It's sometimes quite astonishing that a single, average life is enough to encompass so much that it's at all possible ever to have any success in one's work here.” ~ Franz Kafka, The Trial" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p> “Logic may indeed be unshakeable, but it cannot withstand a man who is determined to live.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Trial</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I’m tired, can’t think of anything and want only to lay my face in your lap, feel your hand on my head and remain like that through all eternity.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Letters to Milena</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“This tremendous world I have inside of me. How to free myself, and this world, without tearing myself to pieces. And rather tear myself to a thousand pieces than be buried with this world within me.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910-1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I have spent all my life resisting the desire to end it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Letters to Milena</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I dream of a grave, deep and narrow, where we could clasp each other in our arms as with clamps, and I would hide my face in you and you would hide your face in me, and nobody would ever see us any more”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Castle</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It's only because of their stupidity that they're able to be so sure of themselves.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Trial</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“You are at once both the quiet and the confusion of my heart; imagine my heartbeat when you are in this state.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz</b> <b>Kafka</b>, <i>Letters to Felice</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I cannot make you understand. I cannot make anyone understand what is happening inside me. I cannot even explain it to myself.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Metamorphosis</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It would have been so pointless to kill himself that, even if he had wanted to, the pointlessness would have made him unable.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The</i> <i>Trial</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Life's splendor forever lies in wait about each one of us in all its fullness, but veiled from view, deep down, invisible, far off. It is there, though, not hostile, not reluctant, not deaf. If you summon it by the right word, by its right name, it will come.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910 1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Should I be grateful or should I curse the fact that despite all misfortune I can still feel love, an unearthly love but still for earthly objects.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910-1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Being alone has a power over me that never fails. My interior dissolves (for the time being only superficially) and is ready to release what lies deeper. When I am willfully alone, a slight ordering of my interior begins to take place and I need nothing more.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910-1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Forget everything. Open the windows. Clear the room. The wind blows through it. You see only its emptiness, you search in every corner and don’t find yourself.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910-1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Nor is it perhaps really love when I say that for me you are the most beloved; In this love you are like a knife, with which I explore myself.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Letters to Milena</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Everything you love will probably be lost, but in the end, love will return in another way.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Kafka's Selected Stories</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“My condition is not unhappiness, but it is also not happiness, not indifference, not weakness, not fatigue, not another interest – so what is it then?”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz</b> <b>Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910-1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I can’t feel a thing; All mournful petal storms are dancing inside the very private spring of my head.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Letters to Milena</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It seems to be a fact that man, tortured by his demons, avenges himself blindly on his fellow-man.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Letters to Milena</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“You must not pay too much attention to opinions. The written word is unalterable, and opinions are often only an expression of despair.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Trial</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“If a man has his eyes bound, you can encourage him as much as you like to stare through the bandage, but he'll never see anything.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz</b> <b>Kafka</b>, <i>The Castle</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Since I met you, I've felt abandoned without your nearness; your nearness is all I ever dream of, the only thing.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Castle</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I'm on such a dangerous road, Milena. You're standing firmly near a tree, young, beautiful, your eyes subduing with their radiance the suffering world.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Letters to Milena</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“The door could not be heard slamming; they had probably left it open, as is the custom in homes where a great misfortune has occurred.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Metamorphosis</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“The man in ecstasy and the man drowning—both throw up their arms.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Blue Octavo Notebooks</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Don't despair, not even over the fact that you don't despair. Just when everything seems over with, new forces come marching up, and precisely that means that you are alive. And if they don't, then everything is over with here, once and for all.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910-1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“There can be no more beautiful spot to die in, no spot more worthy of total despair, than one’s own novel.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>Diaries, 1910-1923</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Illusions are more common than changes in fortune”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Castle</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“They did not know what we can now sense as we contemplate the course of history: that change begins in the soul before it shows in our lives...”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Great Wall of China</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It's sometimes quite astonishing that a single, average life is enough to encompass so much that it's at all possible ever to have any success in one's work here.”</p>
<p><b>~ Franz Kafka</b>, <i>The Trial</i></p>Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-34856297530021224712022-12-11T17:34:00.000+06:002022-12-11T17:34:06.995+06:00Quotations by Walter Scott<p><b>WALTER SCOTT, IN FULL SIR WALTER SCOTT, 1ST BARONET</b> (1771 –1832) WAS A LEADING SCOTTISH NOVELIST, POET, AND CRITIC.</p><p> </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyK0GOZ16V9f7zD-GxnvhGBg0AhSJV3DoQ8UHrnACzJCTbeH9Qyi0SXeZsfdOQdSmVPMq-b_mVTj4kkvpOkUIGDZ2dShnArPnbQE9Nx-cQGPb3BGUPZpnR1NRpVr1zi56Epbo6wkZr5E088Owg1pDGs9br0Hbkpy0jpfB4VWrlq4oF3AoIqM7opUUx/s2188/walter-scott-quotes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="“A moment of peril is often also a moment of open-hearted kindness and affection. We are thrown off our guard by the general agitation of our feelings, and betray the intensity of those which, at more tranquil periods, our prudence at least conceals, if it cannot altogether suppress them.” ~ Walter Scott, Ivanhoe" border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="2188" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyK0GOZ16V9f7zD-GxnvhGBg0AhSJV3DoQ8UHrnACzJCTbeH9Qyi0SXeZsfdOQdSmVPMq-b_mVTj4kkvpOkUIGDZ2dShnArPnbQE9Nx-cQGPb3BGUPZpnR1NRpVr1zi56Epbo6wkZr5E088Owg1pDGs9br0Hbkpy0jpfB4VWrlq4oF3AoIqM7opUUx/w640-h316/walter-scott-quotes.jpg" title="“A moment of peril is often also a moment of open-hearted kindness and affection. We are thrown off our guard by the general agitation of our feelings, and betray the intensity of those which, at more tranquil periods, our prudence at least conceals, if it cannot altogether suppress them.” ~ Walter Scott, Ivanhoe" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p>“For he that does good, having the unlimited power to do evil, deserves praise not only for the good which he performs, but for the evil which he forbears.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Wounds sustained for the sake of conscience carry their own balsam with the blow.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Rob Roy</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“You will, I trust, resemble a forest plant, which has indeed, by some accident, been brought up in the greenhouse, and thus rendered delicate and effeminate, but which regains its native firmness and tenacity, when exposed for a season to the winter air.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Redgauntlet</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I have heard men talk about the blessings of freedom," he said to himself, "but I wish any wise man would teach me what use to make of it now that I have it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Chivalry!---why, maiden, she is the nurse of pure and high affection---the stay of the oppressed, the redresser of grievances, the curb of the power of the tyrant ---Nobility were but an empty name without her, and liberty finds the best protection in her lance and her sword.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“No word of commiseration can make a burden feel one feather's weight lighter to the slave who must carry it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Rob Roy</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I should be rather like the wild hawk, who, barred the free exercise of his soar through heaven, will dash himself to pieces against the bars of his cage.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Rob Roy</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Everything is possible for him who possesses courage and activity….and to the timid and hesitating everything is impossible, because it seems so.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Rob Roy</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Honour is a homicide and a bloodspiller, that gangs about making frays in the street; but Credit is a decent honest man, that sits at hame and makes the pat play.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Rob Roy</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Breathes there the man with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, This is my own, my native land.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, The Lay of the Last Minstrel 1805</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Upon subjects which interested him, and when quite at ease, he possessed that flow of natural, and somewhat florid eloquence, which has been supposed as powerful as figure, fashion, fame, or fortune, in winning the female heart. There”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Waverley</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I have sought but a kindred spirit to share it, and I have found such in thee.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“One or two of these scoundrel statesmen should be shot once a-year, just to keep the others on their good behavior.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Tales of My Landlord</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Oh, what a tangled web we weave...when first we practice to deceive.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Marmion</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“We are like the herb which flourisheth most when trampled upon”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I envy thee not thy faith, which is ever in thy mouth but never in thy heart nor in thy practice”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“the worst evil which befalls our race is, that when we are wronged and plundered, all the world laughs around, and we are compelled to suppress our sense of injury, and to smile tamely, when we would revenge bravely.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Your lordship’s servant has a sensible, natural, pretty idea of military matters; somewhat irregular, though, and smells a little too much of selling the bear’s skin before he has hunted him.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, A Legend of Montrose</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Blessed be his name, who hath appointed the quiet night to follow the busy day, and the calm sleep to refresh the wearied limbs and to compose the troubled spirit.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, The Talisman</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“The rose is fairest when 't is budding new,</p>
<p>And hope is brightest when it dawns from fears;</p>
<p>The rose is sweetest washed with morning dew</p>
<p>And love is loveliest when embalmed in tears.”</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, The Lady Of The Lake: Canto Iv. - The Prophecy</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I'll listen, till my fancy hears</p>
<p>The clang of swords' the crash of spears!</p>
<p>These grates, these walls, shall vanish then</p>
<p>For the fair field of fighting men,</p>
<p>And my free spirit burst away,</p>
<p>As if it soared from battle fray.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Lady of the Lake</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“A moment of peril is often also a moment of open-hearted kindness and affection. We are thrown off our guard by the general agitation of our feelings, and betray the intensity of those which, at more tranquil periods, our prudence at least conceals, if it cannot altogether suppress them.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Walter Scott</b>, Ivanhoe</p>Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-13828390046716958742022-12-01T23:58:00.002+06:002022-12-02T15:16:20.187+06:00Quotations by Henry James<p>HENRY JAMES, (1843 –1916), WAS A PROMINENT AMERICAN NOVELIST AND CRITIC.</p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3kuW3iRbnP90MBRV9T-VDIURSf_4b2JPq-qeMPPGCx37ltqP_oNbQLKg7tYSo5pZ6WAoaCAKwGtHDRyqqlWEkOQpftrHWfH3wH6-lm3z7anwCwRRr3JOkup2cIOmWQ75Wnydc_OqtRWrdh3IhA4n7FSopwZXx3zGysWn4pTpiFkbUUPguLMG6PWb/s1600/henry-james-quotes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="“Sorrow comes in great waves—no one can know that better than you—but it rolls over us, and though it may almost smother us it leaves us on the spot, and we know that if it is strong we are stronger, inasmuch as it passes and we remain. It wears us, uses us, but we wear it and use it in return; and it is blind, whereas we after a manner see.” ~ Henry James, Letter to Grace Norton [July 28,1883]" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz3kuW3iRbnP90MBRV9T-VDIURSf_4b2JPq-qeMPPGCx37ltqP_oNbQLKg7tYSo5pZ6WAoaCAKwGtHDRyqqlWEkOQpftrHWfH3wH6-lm3z7anwCwRRr3JOkup2cIOmWQ75Wnydc_OqtRWrdh3IhA4n7FSopwZXx3zGysWn4pTpiFkbUUPguLMG6PWb/w640-h316/henry-james-quotes.jpg" title="“Sorrow comes in great waves—no one can know that better than you—but it rolls over us, and though it may almost smother us it leaves us on the spot, and we know that if it is strong we are stronger, inasmuch as it passes and we remain. It wears us, uses us, but we wear it and use it in return; and it is blind, whereas we after a manner see.” ~ Henry James, Letter to Grace Norton [July 28,1883]" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p> “We work in the dark - we do what we can - we give what we have. Our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task. The rest is the madness of art.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Middle Years</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It is art that makes life, makes interest, makes importance, for our consideration and application of these things, and I know of no substitute whatever for the force and beauty of its process.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>Letter to H. G. Wells, [10 July 1915]</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I'm yours for ever <i>–</i> for ever and ever. Here I stand; I'm as firm as a rock. If you'll only trust me, how little you'll be disappointed. Be mine as I am yours.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“She had an immense curiosity about life, and was constantly staring and wondering.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Things are always different than what they might be...If you wait for them to change, you will never do anything.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Sorrow comes in great waves—no one can know that better than you—but it rolls over us, and though it may almost smother us it leaves us on the spot, and we know that if it is strong we are stronger, inasmuch as it passes and we remain. It wears us, uses us, but we wear it and use it in return; and it is blind, whereas we after a manner see.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>Letter to Grace Norton [July 28,1883]</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“True happiness, we are told, consists in getting out of one's self; but the point is not only to get out - you must stay out; and to stay out you must have some absorbing errand.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>Roderick Hudson</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“You wanted to look at life for yourself - but you were not allowed; you were punished for your wish. You were ground in the very mill of the conventional!”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Live all you can: it's a mistake not to. It doesn't matter what you do in particular, so long as you have had your life. If you haven't had that, what have you had?”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Ambassadors </i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Of course I was under the spell, and the wonderful part is that, even at the time, I perfectly knew I was. But I gave myself up to it; it was an antidote to any pain, and I had more pains than one.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Turn of the Screw</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Of course I was under the spell, and the wonderful part is that, even at the time, I perfectly knew I was.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br />
<b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Turn of the Screw</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“You must save what you can of your life; you musn't lose it all simply because you've lost a part.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Her reputation for reading a great deal hung about her like the cloudy envelope of a goddess in an epic.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Life is, in fact, a battle. Evil is insolent and strong; beauty enchanting, but rare; goodness very apt to be weak; folly very apt to be defiant; wickedness to carry the day; imbeciles to be in great places, people of sense in small, and mankind generally unhappy. But the world as it stands is no narrow illusion, no phantasm, no evil dream of the night; we wake up to it, forever and ever; and we can neither forget it nor deny it nor dispense with it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>Theory of Fiction: Henry James</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I'm yours for ever--for ever and ever. Here I stand; I'm as firm as a rock. If you'll only trust me, how little you'll be disappointed. Be mine as I am yours.”<br />
</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Henry James</b>, <i>The Portrait of a Lady</i></p>Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-73216809488197210432022-11-22T14:36:00.001+06:002022-11-22T14:36:54.307+06:00Quotations by George Eliot<p>GEORGE ELIOT, PSEUDONYM OF MARY ANN, OR MARIAN, CROSS, NÉE EVANS, (1819- 1880) WAS AN ENGLISH NOVELIST, WHO STANDS AMONGST THE FIRST-RANKED WRITERS OF THE 19TH CENTURY. </p>
<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_h9bMHuDvSTXbVxiRFhlm9mXO89hiKPIO5SfhJsP-NKg3EpeNMHmZU5iqyc5tAHXL_e7mn6DYOxnIPl_9WRZBGk0C-ypNRI38Ol3FKihduHcXw5ZpKFFxkLzDYDFKZtsreXLfBgris9O7ToHWU7V-vG1cvnmj4eHsRo6zIZERj1DAJ1fd2EaWHMLJ/s2188/quotes-george-eliot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="“No evil dooms us hopelessly except the evil we love, and desire to continue in, and make no effort to escape from.” ~ George Eliot, Daniel Deronda" border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="2188" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_h9bMHuDvSTXbVxiRFhlm9mXO89hiKPIO5SfhJsP-NKg3EpeNMHmZU5iqyc5tAHXL_e7mn6DYOxnIPl_9WRZBGk0C-ypNRI38Ol3FKihduHcXw5ZpKFFxkLzDYDFKZtsreXLfBgris9O7ToHWU7V-vG1cvnmj4eHsRo6zIZERj1DAJ1fd2EaWHMLJ/w640-h317/quotes-george-eliot.jpg" title="“No evil dooms us hopelessly except the evil we love, and desire to continue in, and make no effort to escape from.” ~ George Eliot, Daniel Deronda" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p>“No evil dooms us hopelessly except the evil we love, and desire to continue in, and make no effort to escape from.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Daniel Deronda</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It is a narrow mind which cannot look at a subject from various points of view.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Pride only helps us to be generous; it never makes us so, any more than vanity makes us witty.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“And, of course men know best about everything, except what women know better.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Jealousy is never satisfied with anything short of an omniscience that would detect the subtlest fold of the heart.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>The Mill on the Floss</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“When death, the great Reconciler, has come, it is never our tenderness that we repent of, but our severity.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Adam Bede</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Poetry and art and knowledge are sacred and pure.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>The Mill on the Floss</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Blessed is the man who, having nothing to say, abstains from giving us wordy evidence of the fact.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Impressions of Theophrastus Such</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Blameless people are always the most exasperating.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Pride helps us; and pride is not a bad thing when it only urges us to hide our own hurts—not to hurt others.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p> “And certainly, the mistakes that we male and female mortals make when we have our own way might fairly raise some wonder that we are so fond of it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It is always fatal to have music or poetry interrupted.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“What loneliness is more lonely than distrust?”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Character is not cut in marble - it is not something solid and unalterable. It is something living and changing, and may become diseased as our bodies do.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“For what is love itself, for the one we love best? - an enfolding of immeasurable cares which yet are better than any joys outside our love.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Daniel Deronda</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“No anguish I have had to bear on your account has been too heavy a price to pay for the new life into which I have entered in loving you.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>The Mill on the Floss</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“If we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life, it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel's heart beat, and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“When a man has seen the woman whom he would have chosen if he had intended to marry speedily, his remaining a bachelor will usually depend on her resolution rather than on his.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“But what we call our despair is often only the painful eagerness of unfed hope.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I am not imposed upon by fine words; I can see what actions mean.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>The Mill on the Floss</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“People are almost always better than their neighbors think they are.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“What greater thing is there for two human souls, than to feel that they are joined for life--to strengthen each other in all labor, to rest on each other in all sorrow, to minister to each other in all pain, to be one with each other in silent unspeakable memories at the moment of the last parting?”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Adam Bede</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Adam Bede</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Hurt, he'll never be hurt--he's made to hurt other people.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Silas Marner</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Animals are such agreeable friends―they ask no questions, they pass no criticisms.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Mr Gilfil's Love Story</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“We are all humiliated by the sudden discovery of a fact which has existed very comfortably and perhaps been staring at us in private while we have been making up our world entirely without it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Those bitter sorrows of childhood!-- when sorrow is all new and strange, when hope has not yet got wings to fly beyond the days and weeks, and the space from summer to summer seems measureless.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>The Mill on the Floss</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“The memory has as many moods as the temper, and shifts its scenery like a diorama.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 1in;"><b>~ George Eliot</b>, <i>Middlemarch</i></p>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-84918536504398076952020-12-22T11:32:00.003+06:002021-02-15T01:26:29.326+06:00What is a Phoneme?<h4>Definition</h4>
<p>A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech sound that distinguishes one word from another word in a particular language. Each phoneme represents the smallest contrastive sound unit which may bring about a change in the word meaning. Traditionally, the linguists put the phonemes between slash marks. For instance: the words “mat” and “hat” are separated from each other based on the initial sound, that is /m/ and /h/ respectively.</p>
<h4>Etymology</h4>
<p>The English word <i>phoneme </i>was first used in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. It came via the French word <i>phonème, which was borrowed from</i> Greek<i> phōnēma</i> meaning “speech sound or utterance”, from <i>phōnein meaning </i>“to make sounds, speak”, from <i>ph</i><i>ōn</i><i>ē</i>, meaning “sound, voice”.</p> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3_n8Dygz2oZl2LaTc_x3kW5hdxxl7-S5PKtL6UlyUphXdGMAFvwHE21IwkHsN-JLweJZLRTTEAEk70tnL23ZaHPOZEj-23mtL0c-F-CJF2HP_fmLFqEptREO9Fa1MDYxwD3Lhu22dmNY/s504/origin-phoneme.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Origin of Phoneme" border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3_n8Dygz2oZl2LaTc_x3kW5hdxxl7-S5PKtL6UlyUphXdGMAFvwHE21IwkHsN-JLweJZLRTTEAEk70tnL23ZaHPOZEj-23mtL0c-F-CJF2HP_fmLFqEptREO9Fa1MDYxwD3Lhu22dmNY/s16000/origin-phoneme.jpg" title="Origin of Phoneme" /></a></div>
<h4>Discussion</h4>
<p>The phonemes encompass the possible small subsets of sounds that humans can produce through the speech organs. However, not all of the producible speech sounds are categorized as distinct phonemes since a particular sound may be pronounced in many different ways. Hence, the number of distinct phonemes is always lesser than perceptively different sounds. The phoneme sets may vary depending on the language system. But the five vowel sounds /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/ are present in most languages. Likewise, the consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/ are found nearly in all languages.</p>
<p>We should keep in mind that the phonemes are not letters; rather they simply refer to the sounds of a spoken utterance. Different phonemic symbols are employed to represent each phoneme. The one-part sounds are represented by a single letter, for instance, /p/ in “mop” and /t/ in “mat”. On the other hand, the two-part sounds are represented by a combination of letters, for example, /ʧ/ in “cherry” and /ʤ/ in “judge”.</p>
<h4>The Functions of the Phonemes</h4>
<p>The phonemes have the following three functions:</p>
<ul>
<li><b>Distinctive Function</b><b>:</b> It is the principle function of the phonemes. The phonemes can distinguish one morpheme from others, one word from others. This function could be subcategorized in the following vein:</li>
</ul>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<ol><li>Morpheme distinctive: season-seasonal</li>
<li>Word or form distinctive: /bad/-/lad/</li>
<li>Sentence distinctive: Where is the hat? Where is the hut?</li></ol>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><b>Constitutive Function</b>: The phonemes in isolation do not convey any meaning, but when they are combined they constitute meaningful words and morphemes. For example, the English phonemes /t/, /æ/and /b/ may constitute the words /tæb/ “tab” and /bæt/ “bat”.</li>
<li><b>Recognitive (Identificatory) Function: </b>We can separately recognize individual words due to the ordered cluster of their phonemes. Therefore, using the right phoneme in the right place is necessary to facilitate identifying different words.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Tools to identify a phoneme</h4>
<p>Based on the phonological variation, the phonemes can be identified through the undermentioned tools:</p>
<h5>1. Contrastive Sounds:</h5>
<p>If two sounds are separate phonemes, then they are considered to be contrastive. Such sounds can be identified through the following principle:</p>
<h5>Contrastive Distribution</h5>
<p>In contrastive distribution when two sounds are placed in the same phonetic positions, they produce two different words.</p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuLK6JxSRnkAW-m287Caxp6MO1VFeSgj5LhkNT66rJlZ22SWZodXrPB2nYeOuha6WW0ySVGg4tGElrgbRBWYz9qu8n-mWu9Kpi4kmCbhyxZHm3CI2gqfnwMD7dB2j5VpFYQp-iKF5eN9M/s393/contrastive-distribution.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Contrastive Distribution" border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuLK6JxSRnkAW-m287Caxp6MO1VFeSgj5LhkNT66rJlZ22SWZodXrPB2nYeOuha6WW0ySVGg4tGElrgbRBWYz9qu8n-mWu9Kpi4kmCbhyxZHm3CI2gqfnwMD7dB2j5VpFYQp-iKF5eN9M/s16000/contrastive-distribution.jpg" title="Contrastive Distribution" /></a></div><br />
Based on the contrastive distribution, different types of contrastive pairs could be taken into account to determine the phonemes of a language:
<h6>i. Minimal Pairs</h6>
<p>Minimal pairs are two identical sounding words containing the same number of sounds that can be distinguished by a single phoneme appearing in the same position in both words. The criteria for determining a minimal pair are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Both words will have the same number of sounds.</li>
<li>The adjacent sounds must be identical except for the contrastive sound.</li>
<li>The contrastive sound must be distributed in the same position in both words.</li>
<li>The words must be semantically different.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, “rice” and “lice” are different from each other in meaning as they have different initial phonemes, that is, /r/ and /l/ respectively. </p>
<h6>ii. Minimal Sets</h6>
<p>Minimal sets are more than two identical sounding words that can be differentiated by a single phoneme occurring in the same position in all the words. The following are the criteria for determining minimal sets:</p>
<ul>
<li>A group of words.</li>
<li>The adjoining sounds must be identical except for one sound.</li>
<li>The contrasting sound must occur in the same place in the string.</li>
<li>All of the words must have different meanings.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, feat, fit, fat, fought, foot (vowel phonemes) and big, rig, fig, dig, wig (consonant phonemes).</p>
<h6>iii. Near-minimal Pair</h6>
<p>Where minimal pairs are not available, contrasts are illustrated through near-minimal pair. Near-minimal pair is a roughly identical pair of words having the dissimilar number of sounds that are distinguished by a few or more than one phoneme. Whereas minimal pairs are very limited in number, near minimal pairs are very easy to find. Therefore, the latter is the most dependable procedure for identifying phonemes.</p>
<p>Some examples of near-minimal pairs include:</p>
<p>get – guest</p>
<p>knees – sneeze</p>
<p>shoe – show</p>
<p>soup – snoop</p>
<p>tote – toast</p>
<p>feet – feast</p>
<h5>2. Non-contrastive Sounds:</h5>
<p><i>The sounds</i> that do not make a difference in meaning are called non-contrastive sounds. <i>Non</i><i>-</i><i>contrastive</i> variants of a phoneme are referred to <b>allophones</b>. To be specific, when a phoneme is pronounced in two or more different ways then each variation is called the allophone of the same phoneme. They usually occur in different positions (i.e., environments or contexts) in the words. However, these variations are not separate phonemes as they cannot contrast with each other, nor be employed to make meaningful distinctions.</p>
<p>The articulatory and acoustic distinctions of allophones are conditioned by:</p>
<ul>
<li>The position of the sound.</li>
<li>The surrounding phonemes in the word or sentence.</li>
<li>The dialectal variations in pronunciation.</li>
<li>Language difference.</li>
<li>Social factors.</li>
<li>The pitch, tempo and stress of speech.</li>
</ul>
<p>In contrast to phonemes, the allophones are written between square brackets. For example, in English, the phoneme /p/ has three variants:</p>
<br />
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">
<p><b>Sl. </b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 89px;">
<p><b>Allophones</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 139px;">
<p><b>Determining Factor</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 108px;">
<p><b>Distribution</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 66px;">
<p><b>Example</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">
<ol>
<li> </li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style="width: 89px;">
<p>[pʰ]</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 139px;">
<p>Strongly Aspirated</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 108px;">
<p>Word-initially</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 66px;">
<p>pot</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">
<ol>
<li value="2"> </li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style="width: 89px;">
<p>[p]</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 139px;">
<p>Weakly Aspirated</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 108px;">
<p>After “s”</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 66px;">
<p>spot</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 36px;">
<ol>
<li value="3"> </li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style="width: 89px;">
<p>[p<b><sup>¬</sup></b>]</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 139px;">
<p>Unaspirated</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 108px;">
<p>Word-finally</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 66px;">
<p>stop</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br />
<p>There are different principles for discovering allophones:</p>
<h6>i. Complementary Distribution</h6>
<p>It is a distribution of a pair of speech sounds where the two sounds never occur in the same phonetic position. This simply means that only one sound of the pair will be found in a certain position, while the other sound will be found in everywhere else. They are generally the allophones of the same phoneme as they do not contrast with each other.</p>
<p>For example, in English, the aspirated [pʰ] can only be found at the beginning of a stressed syllable as in “pot”, while the unaspirated [p] is never found at the beginning of a syllable but can be found in other positions as in “spot”.</p>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidIBF9rJMTQ-95a32Qj2OJBymZEsc4J7jgn2l2jb75qBW6lAOlVSxYgRkuqCMwN8f98JmLH0ueTp17Yp6SEoURYUtsWDnjDRKtjKlGgi1LB6Qchrg7i0jCNCVREjnI4bjfBkN37CqcceM/s506/complementary-distribution.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Complementary Distribution" border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidIBF9rJMTQ-95a32Qj2OJBymZEsc4J7jgn2l2jb75qBW6lAOlVSxYgRkuqCMwN8f98JmLH0ueTp17Yp6SEoURYUtsWDnjDRKtjKlGgi1LB6Qchrg7i0jCNCVREjnI4bjfBkN37CqcceM/s16000/complementary-distribution.jpg" title="Complementary Distribution" /></a></div><p></p>
<br />
<h6>ii. Free Variation</h6>
<p>When two different sounds occur in the same phonetic position without causing any change of meaning are said to be in free variation. That means, this principle does not try to contrast meanings in two different words, rather it simply to shows that there are two different ways of pronouncing the same word. Such allophones of a phoneme may arise due to different dialects, sociolinguistic or geographical factors.</p>
For example, the word “either” may be pronounced as [aɪðər] or [iːðər].
<br /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhns1h6YgCiGnixSXJwQoub5p1EbeC3ReaGGyqXH5Ea7AR9z0AkgRMyUEVQPFVoyXqE1DcOYFpOpLwKvwv-kenL1b-2e_wbxydzmCB5fqWnksBbN3APLzBYjt9EdoKVRO440VvF94vIi0Q/s464/free-variation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Free Variation" border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhns1h6YgCiGnixSXJwQoub5p1EbeC3ReaGGyqXH5Ea7AR9z0AkgRMyUEVQPFVoyXqE1DcOYFpOpLwKvwv-kenL1b-2e_wbxydzmCB5fqWnksBbN3APLzBYjt9EdoKVRO440VvF94vIi0Q/s16000/free-variation.jpg" title="Free Variation" /></a></div>
<h4>Types of Phonemes</h4>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 499px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 14px; width: 97px;">
<p><b>1. Vowels</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="height: 14px; width: 275px;">
<p><b>Features</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 14px; width: 127px;">
<p><b>Examples</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 14px; width: 90px;">
<p><b>Closeness</b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 14px; width: 84px;">
<p><b>Frontness</b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 14px; width: 101px;">
<p><b>Lip Rounding</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" style="height: 21px; width: 97px;">
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Long Vowels</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 90px;">
<p>Close</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 84px;">
<p>Front</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 101px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 127px;">
<p>/i:/ as in <i>sheep</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 12px; width: 90px;">
<p>Close</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 12px; width: 84px;">
<p>Back</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 12px; width: 101px;">
<p>Rounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 12px; width: 127px;">
<p>/u:/ as in <i>food</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 90px;">
<p>Open-mid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 84px;">
<p>Central</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 101px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ɜ:/ as in <i>fern</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 17px; width: 90px;">
<p>Open-mid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17px; width: 84px;">
<p>Back</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17px; width: 101px;">
<p>Rounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ɔ:/ as in <i>board</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 90px;">
<p>Open</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 84px;">
<p>Back</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 101px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ɑ:/ as in <i>car</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7" style="height: 16px; width: 97px;">
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Short Vowels</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 90px;">
<p>Near-close</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 84px;">
<p>Near-front</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 101px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ɪ/ as in <i>ship</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 90px;">
<p>Near-close</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 84px;">
<p>Near-back</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 101px;">
<p>Rounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ʊ/ as in <i>put</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 90px;">
<p>Open-mid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 84px;">
<p>Front</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 101px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 127px;">
<p>/e/ as in <i>pet</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 90px;">
<p>Near-open</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 84px;">
<p>Front</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 101px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 127px;">
<p>/æ/ as in <i>cat</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 90px;">
<p>Open-mid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 84px;">
<p>Back</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 101px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ʌ/ as in <i>cup</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 90px;">
<p>Open</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 84px;">
<p>Back</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 101px;">
<p>Rounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ɒ/ as in <i>dog</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 90px;">
<p>Mid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 84px;">
<p>Central</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 101px;">
<p>Neutral</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 127px;">
<p>/ə/ as in <i>garden</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 499px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="width: 103px;">
<p><b>2. <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2012/03/diphthongs.html" target="_blank">Diphthongs</a></b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="width: 270px;">
<p><b>Features</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="width: 126px;">
<p><b>Examples</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 72px;">
<p><b>Starting Point of Glide </b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 72px;">
<p><b>Finishing Point</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px;">
<p><b>Lip Rounding</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" style="width: 103px;">
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Centring Diphthongs</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 72px;">
<p>/ɪ/</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="width: 72px;">
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center">/ə/</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px;">
<p>The lips are neutral throughout, with a slight movement from spread to open</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px;">
<p>/ɪə / as in <i>ear</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 72px;">
<p>/e/</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px;">
<p>The lips remain neutrally open throughout</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px;">
<p>/eə/ as in <i>fare</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 72px;">
<p>/ʊ/</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px;">
<p>The lips are loosely rounded, becoming neutrally spread</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 126px;">
<p>/ʊə/ <i>sure</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="5" style="height: 16px; width: 103px;">
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Closing Diphthongs</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 72px;">
<p>/e/</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="height: 16px; width: 72px;">
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center">/ɪ/</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 126px;">
<p>The lips are spread</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 126px;">
<p>/eɪ/ as in <i>aid</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 9px; width: 72px;">
<p>/a/</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 9px; width: 126px;">
<p>The lips move from neutral to loosely spread</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 9px; width: 126px;">
<p>/aɪ/ as in <i>isle</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 72px;">
<p>/ɔ/</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 126px;">
<p>Lips start open rounded and change to neutral</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 126px;">
<p>/ɔɪ/ as in <i>oil</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 72px;">
<p>/ə/</p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 15px; width: 72px;">
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center">/ʊ/</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 126px;">
<p>The lips are neutral but change to loosely rounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 126px;">
<p>/əʊ/ as in <i>old</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 72px;">
<p>/a/</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 126px;">
<p>The lips start neutral with a movement to loosely rounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 15px; width: 126px;">
<p>/aʊ/ as in <i>owl</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<center>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 498px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4" style="width: 108px;">
<p><b>3. Semi-vowels</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="width: 289px;">
<p><b>Features</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="width: 101px;">
<p><b>Examples</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 60px;">
<p><b>Place</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 67px;">
<p><b>Manner</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 65px;">
<p><b>Voicing</b></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 97px;">
<p><b>Lip Rounding</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 60px;">
<p>labio-velar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 67px;">
<p>Glide</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 65px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 97px;">
<p>Unrounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 101px;">
<p>/w/ as in <i>west</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 60px;">
<p>Palatal</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 67px;">
<p>Glide</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 65px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 97px;">
<p>Rounded</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 5px; width: 101px;">
<p>/j/as in <i>yard</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 498px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 108px;">
<p><b>4. Consonants</b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="height: 18px; width: 261px;">
<p><b>Features</b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 18px; width: 129px;">
<p><b>Examples</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7" style="height: 18px; width: 108px;">
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2009/10/english-plosive-sounds.html" target="_blank">Plosives</a></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 111px;">
<p><b>Place</b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 73px;">
<p><b>Manner</b></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 77px;">
<p><b>Voicing</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 16px; width: 111px;">
<p>Bilabial</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 73px;">
<p>Stop</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 129px;">
<p>/p/ as in <i>pin</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 13px; width: 73px;">
<p>Stop</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 13px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 13px; width: 129px;">
<p>/b/ as in <i>bin</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 22px; width: 111px;">
<p>Alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 73px;">
<p>Stop</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 129px;">
<p>/t/ as in <i>tin</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 73px;">
<p>Stop</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 129px;">
<p>d/ as in <i>dog</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 19px; width: 111px;">
<p>Velar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 73px;">
<p>Stop</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 129px;">
<p>/k/ as in <i>coffee</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 73px;">
<p>Stop</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 129px;">
<p>/g/ as in <i>gun</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" style="height: 22px; width: 108px;">
<p> </p>
<p><a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-nasal-consonants.html" target="_blank">Nasals</a></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 111px;">
<p>Bilabial</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 73px;">
<p>Nasal</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 129px;">
<p>/m/ as in <i>mat</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 111px;">
<p>Alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 73px;">
<p>Nasal</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 22px; width: 129px;">
<p>/n/ as in <i>native</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 111px;">
<p>Velar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 73px;">
<p>Nasal</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 20px; width: 129px;">
<p>/ŋ/ as in <i>bring</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 16px; width: 108px;">
<p><a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-affricates.html" target="_blank">Affricates</a></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 16px; width: 111px;">
<p>Palato-alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 73px;">
<p>Affricate</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 16px; width: 129px;">
<p>/ʧ/ as in <i>cheap</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 13px; width: 73px;">
<p>Affricate</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 13px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 13px; width: 129px;">
<p>/dz/as in <i>jam</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="9" style="width: 108px;">
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-english-fricatives_3027.html" target="_blank">Fricatives</a></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="width: 111px;">
<p>Labio-dental</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 129px;">
<p>/f/ as in <i>fast</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 129px;">
<p>/v/ as in <i>void</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 21px; width: 111px;">
<p>Dental</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 21px; width: 129px;">
<p>/θ/ as in <i>theme</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 19px; width: 129px;">
<p>/ð/ as in <i>thus</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 18px; width: 111px;">
<p>Alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 129px;">
<p>/s/ as in <i>sit</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 18px; width: 129px;">
<p>/z/ as in <i>zoo</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 17px; width: 111px;">
<p>Palato-alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17px; width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 17px; width: 129px;">
<p>/ʃ/ as in <i>ship</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 129px;">
<p>/ʒ/ as in <i>pleasure</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 111px;">
<p>Glottal</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 73px;">
<p>Fricative</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiceless</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 129px;">
<p>/h/ as in <i>hen</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 23px; width: 108px;">
<p><a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2013/10/lateral-consonant.html" target="_blank">Lateral</a></p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 111px;">
<p>Alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 73px;">
<p>Liquid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 129px;">
<p>/l/ as in <i>lee</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 111px;">
<p>Alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 73px;">
<p>Liquid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 129px;">
<p>/ɫ / as in <i>pool</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 108px;">
<p>Frictionless Continuant</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 111px;">
<p>Alveolar /Post-alveolar</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 73px;">
<p>Liquid</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 77px;">
<p>Voiced</p>
</td>
<td style="height: 23px; width: 129px;">
<p>/r/ as in <i>rain</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br /><br /><br /><br />
<h4><span style="color: darkorange;">References</span></h4>
<p>“Complementary distribution and Free variation.” <u>ELLO</u>. 2020. abergs. 14 November 2020</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/PhoneticsandPhonology/ComplementaryDistributionAndFreeVariation>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> “Phoneme .” <u>Wikipedia</u>. 2020. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 November 2020</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><https://www.thoughtco.com/phoneme-word-sounds-1691621>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> “Phoneme .” <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 2020. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 14 November 2020</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><https://www.britannica.com/topic/phoneme>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> “Phoneme .”<u> SIL</u>. 2020. SIL International, Inc. 14 November 2020</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><https://glossary.sil.org/term/phoneme>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Proverbs with diphthongs.” <u>studfiles</u>. 2020. studfiles. 14 November 2020</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><https://studfile.net/preview/5650607/page:5/>.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Roach, Peter. <u>English Phonetics and Phonology</u>: A self-contained, comprehensive pronunciation course.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;">3<sup>rd</sup> ed. Cambridge: CUP, 2000.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Varshney, Dr. R.L. <u>An Introduction of Linguistics & Phonetics</u>. Dhaka: BOC, n.d. 76-77.<br />
<br />
</p>
<p>Yule, George. <u>The Study of Language</u>. 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996. 54-61.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> “What Is a Phoneme? .” <u>ThoughtCo</u>. 2020. dash. 14 December 2020</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><https://www.thoughtco.com/phoneme-word-sounds-1691621>.</p>Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-32076407935687914162020-09-22T22:39:00.001+06:002020-09-22T22:39:15.622+06:00Quotations by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow<p>
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2020/01/henry-wadsworth-longfellow-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW</a> (1807–1882) WAS A RENOWNED 19TH-CENTURY NOVELIST AND POET.</p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMTLNsH7k7IUDOLlGwldKGiKC01HpPvxUDYiuj8eoi3RiqRxKfCOfX7pAk_WalQ3M9ZSD7s8Z019GqTMHeJzXq8YXjkhGuTHrb0ILsZ40tUJ-9Vjhp_VyKi3Tz_qiBglSbpQ8azwlwsRc/s1600/henry-wadsworth-longfellow-quotes.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="“No one is so accursed by fate, No one so utterly desolate, But some heart, though unknown, Responds unto his own.” ~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Endymion (1842)" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMTLNsH7k7IUDOLlGwldKGiKC01HpPvxUDYiuj8eoi3RiqRxKfCOfX7pAk_WalQ3M9ZSD7s8Z019GqTMHeJzXq8YXjkhGuTHrb0ILsZ40tUJ-9Vjhp_VyKi3Tz_qiBglSbpQ8azwlwsRc/s600/henry-wadsworth-longfellow-quotes.jpg" title="“No one is so accursed by fate, No one so utterly desolate, But some heart, though unknown, Responds unto his own.” ~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Endymion (1842)" width="600" /></a></div><br />
<p>
“My soul is full of longing<br />
for the secret of the sea,<br />
and the heart of the great ocean<br />
sends a thrilling pulse through me.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Secret of the Sea</i></p><br />
<p>
“No one is so accursed by fate,<br />
No one so utterly desolate,<br />
But some heart, though unknown,<br />
Responds unto his own.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Endymion</i> (1842)</p><br />
<p>
“Tell me not in mournful numbers,<br />
Life is but an empty dream!<br />
For the soul is dead that slumbers,<br />
And things are not what they seem.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Voices of the Night</i></p><br />
<p>
“Be still, sad heart! and cease repining;<br />
Behind the clouds is the sun still shining;<br />
Thy fate is the common fate of all,<br />
Into each life some rain must fall”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Rainy Day</i></p><br />
<p>
“Every heart has its secret sorrows which the world knows not, and oftentimes we call a man cold, when he is only sad.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Hyperion</i>, Bk. III, Ch. IV (1839)</p><br />
<p>
“Look not mournfully into the Past. It comes not back again. Wisely improve the Present. It is thine. Go forth to meet the shadowy Future, without fear, and with a manly heart.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Hyperion</i>, Bk. IV, Ch. VIII (1839)</p><br />
<p>
“Thy fate is the common fate of all;<br />
Into each life some rain must fall,<br />
Some days must be dark and dreary.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Rainy Day</i></p><br />
<p>
“I shot an arrow into the air,<br />
It fell to earth, I knew not where.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Arrow and the Son</i>g (1845)</p><br />
<p>
“God sent his Singers upon earth<br />
With songs of sadness and of mirth,<br />
That they might touch the hearts of men,<br />
And bring them back to heaven again.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Singers</i> (1849)</p><br />
<p>
“The heights by great men reached and kept<br />
Were not attained by sudden flight,<br />
But they, while their companions slept,<br />
Were toiling upward in the night.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Ladder of St. Augustine</i>, st. 10</p><br />
<p>
“A Lady with a Lamp shall stand<br />
In the great history of the land,<br />
A noble type of good,<br />
Heroic womanhood.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Santa Filomena</i>, st. 10 (1858)</p><br />
<p>
“Time has laid his hand<br />
Upon my heart, gently, not smiting it,<br />
But as a harper lays his open palm<br />
Upon his harp, to deaden its vibrations.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Golden Legend</i>, Pt. IV, <i>The Cloisters</i> (1872)</p><br />
<p>
“The grave itself is but a covered bridge,<br />
Leading from light to light, through a brief darkness!”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Golden Legend</i>, Pt. V, <i>A Covered Bridge at Lucerne</i></p><br />
<p>
“All nature, he holds, is a respiration<br />
Of the Spirit of God, who, in breathing hereafter<br />
Will inhale it into his bosom again,<br />
So that nothing but God alone will remain.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Golden Legend</i>, Pt. VI, <i>A travelling Scholastic affixing his Theses to the gate of the College</i></p><br />
<p>
“The holiest of all holidays are those<br />
Kept by ourselves in silence and apart;<br />
The secret anniversaries of the heart,<br />
When the full river of feeling overflows.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Holidays </i>(1878)</p><br />
<p>
“I heard the bells on Christmas Day<br />
Their old, familiar carols play,<br />
And wild and sweet<br />
The words repeat<br />
Of peace on earth, good-will to men!”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Christmas Bells</i></p><br />
<p>
“For age is opportunity no less<br />
Than youth itself, though in another dress,<br />
And as the evening twilight fades away<br />
The sky is filled with stars, invisible by day.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Morituri Salutamus</i></p><br />
<p>
“Lives of great men all remind us<br />
We can make our lives sublime,<br />
And, departing, leave behind us<br />
Footprints on the sands of time”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>Voices of the Night</i></p><br />
<p>
“Nothing useless is, or low;<br />
Each thing in its place is best;<br />
And what seems but idle show<br />
Strengthens and supports the rest.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</b>, <i>The Builders</i> (1849)</p>Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-42833688685553193972020-09-12T21:42:00.000+06:002020-09-12T21:42:16.425+06:00Quotations by Wallace Stevens<p><a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2019/12/wallace-stevens-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">WALLACE STEVENS</a> IS A 20TH-CENTURY AMERICAN POET.<br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sY_tXvYf9Aqs2nQD9ex7hB-aRAFkDFtrSGalupYTXA5XTub_tJqit0ITMyMEC0YFbK500EifCZHtdlvxtKUrM3YPRscNZtMXuYUTWXSw_BF8gu291FnQbQm3opXVPAmS1v5E8oXGM2s/s1600/Quotations-by-+Wallace-Stevens.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="“Death is the mother of beauty; hence from her, Alone, shall come fulfilment to our dreams And our desires.” ~ Wallace Stevens, Sunday Morning" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9sY_tXvYf9Aqs2nQD9ex7hB-aRAFkDFtrSGalupYTXA5XTub_tJqit0ITMyMEC0YFbK500EifCZHtdlvxtKUrM3YPRscNZtMXuYUTWXSw_BF8gu291FnQbQm3opXVPAmS1v5E8oXGM2s/w640-h316/Quotations-by-+Wallace-Stevens.jpg" title="“Death is the mother of beauty; hence from her, Alone, shall come fulfilment to our dreams And our desires.” ~ Wallace Stevens, Sunday Morning" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br />
“The house was quiet and the world was calm.<br />
The reader became the book; and summer night<br />
Was like the conscious being of the book.”
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>The House Was Quiet and the World Was Calm</i></p>
<p> </p>
“If sex were all, then every trembling hand<br />
Could make us squeak, like dolls, the wished-for words.”
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Le Monocle de Mon Oncle</i></p>
<p> </p>
“We say God and the imagination are one...<br />
How high that highest candle lights the dark.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, Final Soliloquy of the Interior Paramour</p>
<p> </p>
“For the listener, who listens in the snow,<br />
And, nothing himself, beholds<br />
Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>The Snow Man</i></p>
<p> </p>
“The way through the world<br />
Is more difficult to find than the way beyond it.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Collected Poetry and Prose</i></p>
<p> </p>
“I was myself the compass of that sea:<br />
I was the world in which I walked, and what I saw<br />
Or heard or felt came not but from myself;<br />
And there I found myself more truly and more strange.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Tea at the Palaz of Hoon</i></p>
<p> </p>
“The yellow glistens.<br />
It glistens with various yellows,<br />
Citrons, oranges and greens<br />
Flowering over the skin.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Study of Two Pears</i></p>
<p> </p>
“Children picking up our bones<br />
Will never know that these were once<br />
As quick as foxes on the hill”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>A Postcard from the Volcano</i></p>
<p> </p>
“After the leaves have fallen, we return<br />
To a plain sense of things. It is as if<br />
We had come to an end of the imagination,<br />
Inanimate in an inert savoir.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>The Plain Sense of Things</i></p>
<p> </p>
“Out of this same light, out of the central mind,<br />
We make a dwelling in the evening air,<br />
In which being there together is enough.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Final Soliloquy of the Interior Paramour</i></p>
<p> </p>
“The exceeding brightness of this early sun<br />
Makes me conceive how dark I have become,”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>The Sun This March</i></p>
<p> </p>
“In my room, the world is beyond my understanding;<br />
But when I walk I see that it consists of three or four<br />
Hills and a cloud.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Of the Surface of Things</i></p>
<p> </p>
“Divinity must live within herself:<br />
Passions of rain, or moods in falling snow;<br />
Grievings in loneliness, or unsubdued<br />
Elations when the forest blooms; gusty<br />
Emotions on wet roads on autumn nights;<br />
All pleasures and all pains, remembering<br />
The bough of summer and the winter branch.<br />
These are the measures destined for her soul.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>The Sun This March</i></p>
<p> </p>
“As April's green endures; or will endure<br />
Like her remembrance of awakened birds,<br />
Or her desire for June and evening, tipped<br />
By the consummation of the swallow's wings.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>The Sun This March</i></p>
<p> </p>
“Among twenty snowy mountains,<br />
The only moving thing<br />
Was the eye of the blackbird.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird</i></p>
<br />
“After all the pretty contrast of life and death<br />
Proves that these opposite things partake of one,<br />
At least that was the theory, when bishops' books<br />
Resolved the world. We cannot go back to that.<br />
The squirming facts exceed the squamous mind,<br />
If one may say so. And yet relation appears,<br />
A small relation expanding like the shade<br />
Of a cloud on sand, a shape on the side of a hill.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br /><b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Connoisseur of Chaos</i></p>
<p> </p>
“Death is the mother of beauty; hence from her,<br />
Alone, shall come fulfilment to our dreams<br />
And our desires.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br />
<b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Sunday Morning</i></p>
<p> </p>
“Beauty is momentary in the mind—<br />
The fitful tracing of a portal;<br />
But in the flesh it is immortal.<br />
<p> </p>
The body dies; the body's beauty lives.<br />
So evenings die, in their green going,<br />
A wave, interminably flowing.”<br />
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><br />
<b>~ Wallace Stevens</b>, <i>Peter Quince at the Clavier</i></p><p></p>Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-27003594945889274212020-09-09T00:46:00.002+06:002020-09-09T00:50:13.270+06:00Quotations by Sophocles<p><a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2012/07/sophocles-quick-facts.html" target="_blank"><i>SOPHOCLES</i></a> (C. 496 - C. 406 BCE), A PROMINENT ANCIENT GREEK TRAGEDIAN.</p>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVUUEYxAAwFJIgDnak2lIPq4yUMium3RMONecwDzhouuZIlNWMgz54ZbdOm9mBKK05DzeO0pifF31lfhT9aj_7SCzAeyozr2FqvVRN0Nw9r9HxSI-vuSzwQexnFwkztjdE-4izCbWRwJM/s1600/Sophocles-Quotes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="“There is no happiness where there is no wisdom; No wisdom but in submission to the gods. Big words are always punished, And proud men in old age learn to be wise.” ~ Sophocles, Antigone" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVUUEYxAAwFJIgDnak2lIPq4yUMium3RMONecwDzhouuZIlNWMgz54ZbdOm9mBKK05DzeO0pifF31lfhT9aj_7SCzAeyozr2FqvVRN0Nw9r9HxSI-vuSzwQexnFwkztjdE-4izCbWRwJM/w640-h316/Sophocles-Quotes.jpg" title="“There is no happiness where there is no wisdom; No wisdom but in submission to the gods. Big words are always punished, And proud men in old age learn to be wise.” ~ Sophocles, Antigone" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /><br />
<p>“Do not believe that you alone can be right.<br />
The man who thinks that,<br />
The man who maintains that only he has the power<br />
To reason correctly, the gift to speak, the soul—<br />
A man like that, when you know him, turns out empty.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“In time you will know this well: For time, and time alone, will show the just man, though scoundrels are discovered in a day.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p> “Let every man in mankind's frailty consider his last day; and let none presume on his good fortune until he find Life, at his death, a memory without pain.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Take these things to heart, my son, I warn you.<br />
All men make mistakes, it is only human.<br />
But once the wrong is done, a man<br />
can turn his back on folly, misfortune too,<br />
if he tries to make amends, however low he's fallen,<br />
and stops his bullnecked ways. Stubbornness<br />
brands you for stupidity - pride is a crime.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Men of ill judgment oft ignore the good<br />
That lies within their hands, till they have lost it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Ajax</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p> “There is no happiness where there is no wisdom;<br />
No wisdom but in submission to the gods.<br />
Big words are always punished,<br />
And proud men in old age learn to be wise.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“The keenest sorrow is to recognize ourselves as the sole cause of all our adversities.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“To throw away an honest friend is, as it were, to throw your life away”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“If you try to cure evil with evil<br />
you will add more pain to your fate.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Ajax </i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I have no desire to suffer twice, in reality and then in retrospect.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex </i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“There's nothing in the world so demoralizing as money.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone </i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Time, which sees all things, has found you out.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex </i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“I was born to join in love, not hate –</p>
<p>that is my nature.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“No one loves the messenger who brings bad news.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Tomorrow is tomorrow.<br />
Future cares have future cures,<br />
And we must mind today.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“We have only a little time to please the living.</p>
<p>But all eternity to love the dead.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“How dreadful the knowledge of the truth can be<br />
When there’s no help in truth.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Alas, how terrible is wisdom
when it brings no profit to the man that's wise!<br />
This I knew well, but had forgotten it,<br />
else I would not have come here.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“The tyrant is a child of Pride<br />
Who drinks from his sickening cup<br />
Recklessness and vanity,<br />
Until from his high crest headlong<br />
He plummets to the dust of hope.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Death is not the worst; rather, in vain<br />
To wish for death, and not to compass it.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Electra</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Fear? What has a man to do with fear? Chance rules our lives, and the future is all unknown. Best live as we may, from day to day.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“A man's anger can never age and fade away, not until he dies. The dead alone feel no pain.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus at Colonus </i></p>
<p> </p>
<p> “One word<br />
Frees us of all the weight and pain of life:<br />
That word is love.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus at Colonus</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“It is not right</p>
<p>if I am wrong. But if I am young, and right,</p>
<p>what does my age matter?”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Antigone</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“How terrible-- to see the truth when the truth is only pain to him who sees!”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Truly, to tell lies is not honorable;<br />
but when the truth entails tremendous ruin,<br />
To speak dishonorably is pardonable.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Creusa</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“Give me a life wherever there is an opportunity to live, and better life than was my father's.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus Rex</i></p>
<p> </p>
<p>“We long to have again the vanished past, in spite of all its pain.”</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><b>~ Sophocles</b>, <i>Oedipus at Colonus</i></p>Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-7396380705365125442020-08-28T02:13:00.000+06:002020-08-28T02:13:26.184+06:00Quotations by William Carlos Williams<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2020/08/william-carlos-williams-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS</a> (1883-1963) A PROLIFIC AMERICAN POET AND PHYSICIAN OF THE 20<sup>TH</sup> CENTURY.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsW3RunPLyhaonkmiRKwqTVnEfb4smo3TVYwRU-BclHldUlk75lP7G9eichWGT2p2zZMQmi46BIMPXz0SFZQAsWm7t_ZWdAY1bKscsJGrVyHWj9fQuYg2_xN6aejWP0nX1pObvwhK2qqQ/s1600/willaim-carlos-williams-best-quotes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="“But time is only another liar, so go along the wall a little further: if blackberries prove bitter there’ll be mushrooms, fairy-ring mushrooms, in the grass, sweetest of all fungi.” ~ William Carlos Williams, Kora in Hell" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsW3RunPLyhaonkmiRKwqTVnEfb4smo3TVYwRU-BclHldUlk75lP7G9eichWGT2p2zZMQmi46BIMPXz0SFZQAsWm7t_ZWdAY1bKscsJGrVyHWj9fQuYg2_xN6aejWP0nX1pObvwhK2qqQ/s640/willaim-carlos-williams-best-quotes.jpg" title="“But time is only another liar, so go along the wall a little further: if blackberries prove bitter there’ll be mushrooms, fairy-ring mushrooms, in the grass, sweetest of all fungi.” ~ William Carlos Williams, Kora in Hell" width="640" /></a></div>
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“There is nothing sacred about literature, it is damned from one end to the other. There is nothing in literature but change and change is mockery. I'll write whatever I damn please, whenever I damn please and as I damn please and it'll be good if the authentic spirit of change is on it.”<br />
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<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Kora in Hell</i></div>
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“Remorse is a virtue in that it is a stirrer up of the emotions but it is a folly to accept it is a criticism of conduct.”<br />
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<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Kora in Hell </i></div>
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“And this moral? As with the deformed Aesop, morals are the memory of success that no longer succeeds.”<br />
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<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i><span id="quote_book_link_90666">In the American Grain</span></i></div>
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“The man of imagination who turns to art for release and fulfilment of his baby promises contends with the sky through the layers of demoded words and shapes.”<br />
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<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i><span id="quote_book_link_1383945">Spring and All</span></i></div>
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“Imagination is not to avoid reality, nor is it description nor an evocation of objects or situations, it is to say that poetry does not tamper with the world but moves it — It affirms reality most powerfully and therefore, since reality needs no personal support but exists free from human action, as proven by science in the indestructibility of matter and of force, it creates a new object, a play, a dance which is not a mirror up to nature but —As birds’ wings beat the solid air without which none could fly so words freed by the imagination affirm reality by their flight”<br />
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<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i><span id="quote_book_link_1383945">Spring and All</span></i></div>
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“But time is only another liar, so go along the wall a little further: if blackberries prove bitter there’ll be mushrooms, fairy-ring mushrooms, in the grass, sweetest of all fungi.”<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Kora in Hell</i></div>
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“All women are not Helen,<br />
I know that,<br />
but have Helen in their hearts.”<br />
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<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Asphodel, That Greeny Flower (1955)</i></div>
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“The noiseless wheels of my car<br />
rush with a crackling sound over<br />
dried leaves as I bow and pass smiling.”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i><span id="quote_book_link_72155">The Young Housewife</span></i></div>
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“We sit and talk,<br />
quietly, with long lapses of silence<br />
and I am aware of the stream<br />
that has no language, coursing<br />
beneath the quiet heaven of<br />
your eyes<br />
which has no speech”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Paterson</i></div>
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“You lethargic, waiting upon me,<br />
waiting for the fire and I<br />
attendant upon you, shaken by your beauty<br />
<br />
Shaken by your beauty<br />
Shaken.”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Paterson</i></div>
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“You're a romanticist. What do you think a man is, a papaya? To digest your dinner? In pill form?”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i><span id="quote_book_link_385848">A Dream of Love</span></i></div>
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“It is at the edge of the<br />
petal that love waits”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Spring and All</i></div>
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“A man is indeed a city, and for the poet there are no ideas but in things.”<br />
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<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i><span id="quote_book_link_763426">Paterson</span></i></div>
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“To hell with everything I myself have ever written.”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i><span id="quote_book_link_146485">The Great American Novel </span></i></div>
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“It was ...<br />
a love engendering<br />
gentleness and goodness<br />
that moved me<br />
and that I saw in you”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems</i></div>
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“Imagination though it cannot wipe out the sting of remorse can instruct the mind in its proper uses.”<br />
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<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Kora in Hell</i></div>
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“The past above, the future below<br />
and the present pouring down: the roar,<br />
the roar of the present, a speech--<br />
is, of necessity, my sole concern.”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Paterson</i></div>
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“Everyone in this life is defeated but a man, if he be a man, is not defeated.”<br />
<div style="margin-left: 80px;">
<br />
<b>~ William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Howl and Other Poems</i></div>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-36989453639057239262020-08-25T00:11:00.000+06:002020-08-28T02:14:07.920+06:00William Carlos Williams Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>William Carlos Williams</b>, Pulitzer Prize-winning American physician, poet, short-story writer, novelist and essayist of the 20th-century modernist movement.<br />
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<h4>
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Full Name: William Carlos Williams</li>
<li>Birth Name: William Carlos Williams</li>
<li>Date of Birth: September 17, 1883</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Rutherford, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States of America</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Virgo</li>
<li>Date of Death: March 4, 1963</li>
<li>Died at Age: 79</li>
<li>Place of Death: Rutherford, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States of America</li>
<li>Place of Burial: Hillside Cemetery, Lyndhurst, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States of America</li>
<li>Epitaph:</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
“William Carlos</div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in;">
1883-1963”</div>
<ul>
<li>Cause of Death: Cerebrovascular thrombosis</li>
<li>Last Words: NA</li>
<li>Ethnicity: Mixed</li>
<li>Nationality: American</li>
<li>Father: William George Williams (1853-1918)</li>
<li>Mother: Raquel Hélène Rose <i>Hoheb</i> Williams (Elena) (1856 -1949)</li>
<li>Siblings:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Brother: Edgar Irving Williams (1884-1974)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Spouse: Florence Hilda <i>Herman</i> Williams (b. 1890-d. 1976) (m. 1912)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Son: William E. Williams (b. 1914)</li>
<li>Son: Paul H. Williams (b. 1917)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: University of Pennsylvania</li>
<li>Occupation: Writer, physician</li>
<li>William Carlos Williams is known for: revolutionizing American poetry by rejecting traditional conventions of rhyme and meter, and using colloquial American English.</li>
<li>William Carlos Williams is criticized for: frequent delivery of contradictory and confused opinions.</li>
<li>William Carlos Williams was influenced by: <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2016/01/john-keats-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">John Keats</a> (1795–1821), <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2009/10/walt-whitman-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">Walt Whitman</a> (1819–1892), <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2018/02/james-joyce-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">James Joyce</a> (1882 –1941), Ezra Pound (1885–1972), and Sappho (c. 630 – c. 570 BC).</li>
<li>William Carlos Williams’ works inspired: Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997), Charles Tomlinson (1927–2015), the Beat movement, the San Francisco Renaissance, the Black Mountain school, and the New York School.</li>
<li>Literary movement: Modernism, Imagism</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
“The earth cracks and<br />
is shriveled up;<br />
the wind moans piteously;<br />
the sky goes out<br />
if you should fail.”<br />
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2020/08/william-carlos-williams-quotes.html" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes"><b>– William Carlos Williams</b>, <i>Chicory and Daisies</i> [from <i>Al Que Quiere!</i> (1917)]</a><br />
<h4>
Awards and Achievements</h4>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Bollingen Prize (1953)</li>
<li>Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1963)</li>
<li>United States Poet Laureate (1952)</li>
<li>National Book Award for Poetry (1950)</li>
<li>American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Poetry (1963)</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Major Literary Works</h4>
<h5>
Poetry</h5>
<ul>
<li>Poems (1909)</li>
<li>The Tempers (1913)</li>
<li>Al Que Quiere! (1917)</li>
<li>Sour Grapes (1921)</li>
<li>Spring and All (1923)</li>
<li>Go Go (1923)</li>
<li>The Cod Head (1932)</li>
<li>Collected Poems, 1921-1931 (1934)</li>
<li>An Early Martyr and Other Poems (1935)</li>
<li>Adam & Eve & The City (1936)</li>
<li>The Complete Collected Poems of William Carlos Williams, 1906-1938 (1938)</li>
<li>The Broken Span (1941)</li>
<li>The Wedge (1944)</li>
<li>Paterson Book I (1946); Book II (1948); Book III (1949); Book IV (1951); Book V (1958)</li>
<li>Clouds, Aigeltinger, Russia (1948)</li>
<li>The Collected Later Poems (1950; rev. ed.1963)</li>
<li>Collected Earlier Poems (1951; rev. ed., 1966)</li>
<li>The Desert Music and Other Poems (1954)</li>
<li>Journey to Love (1955)</li>
<li>Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems (1962)</li>
<li>Paterson (Books I-V in one volume, (1963)</li>
</ul>
<h5>
Prose</h5>
<ul>
<li>Kora in Hell: Improvisations (1920)</li>
<li>The Great American Novel (1923)</li>
<li>Spring and All (1923)</li>
<li>In the American Grain (1925)</li>
<li>A Voyage to Pagany (1928)</li>
<li>Novelette and Other Prose (1932)</li>
<li>The Knife of the Times, and Other Stories (1932)</li>
<li>White Mule (1937)</li>
<li>Life along the Passaic River (1938)</li>
<li>In the Money (1940)</li>
<li>Make Light of It: Collected Stories (1950)</li>
<li>Autobiography (1951) W. W. Norton & Co. (1 February 1967)</li>
<li>The Build-Up (1952)</li>
<li>Selected Essays (1954)</li>
<li>The Selected Letters of William Carlos Williams (1957)</li>
<li>I Wanted to Write a Poem: The Autobiography of the Works of a Poet (1958)</li>
<li>Yes, Mrs. Williams: A Personal Record of My Mother (1959)</li>
<li>The Farmers' Daughters: Collected Stories (1961)</li>
<li>Imaginations (1970)</li>
<li>The Embodiment of Knowledge (1974)</li>
<li>Interviews With William Carlos Williams: "Speaking Straight Ahead" (1976)</li>
<li>A Recognizable Image: William Carlos Williams on Art and Artists (1978)</li>
<li>William Carlos Williams: The Doctor Stories: Compiled by Robert Coles (1984)</li>
<li>Pound/Williams: Selected Letters of Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams (1996)</li>
<li>The Collected Stories of William Carlos Williams (1996)</li>
<li>The Letters of Denise Levertov and William Carlos Williams (1998)</li>
<li>William Carlos Williams and Charles Tomlinson: A Transatlantic Connection (1998)</li>
<li>The Humane Particulars: The Collected Letters of William Carlos Williams and Kenneth Burke (2004)</li>
</ul>
<h5>
Drama</h5>
<ul>
<li>Many Loves and Other Plays: The Collected Plays of William Carlos Williams (1962)</li>
</ul>
<h5>
Translations</h5>
<ul>
<li>Last Nights of Paris (1929)</li>
<li>By Word of Mouth: Poems from the Spanish, 1916-1959 (2011)</li>
<i>
</i>
<li>The Dog and the Fever (2018<i>)</i></li>
</ul>
<h4>
Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Williams was the eldest of the two sons born to William George and Raquel Hélène Rose Hoheb.</li>
<li>His father was English but raised in the Dominican Republic. His mother was a native of <i>Puerto Rico of</i> half French and half a genetic mixture of Dutch, Spanish, and Jewish extraction.</li>
<li>Although coincidental, his paternal grandmother’s name was Emily Dickinson, which resembles the name of a prominent American poet.</li>
<li>His younger brother, Edgar Williams was a renowned architect whose most outstanding designs include Donnell Library Center and the Cooper Hewitt Museum in Manhattan.</li>
<li>Williams fell in love with Charlotte Herman (Lotte), who ditched him for his younger brother, Edgar. Just three days after the rejection, he proposed to Charlotte’s younger sister, Florence (Flossie), who agreed to marry Williams in future.</li>
<li>His eldest son followed Williams’ footsteps and became a doctor.</li>
<li>Williams was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize for <i>Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems</i> (1962) in May 1963.</li>
<li>Even though he had a successful literary career, Williams’ was mainly a physician.</li>
<li>Surprisingly, being one of the most prolific writers, Williams authored only one medical article which was published in the <i>Archives of Pediatrics</i> in August 1913.</li>
<li>His father was a businessman, working with advertising. He was a literature enthusiast and introduced his son to literary giants, such as Dante, Shakespeare, and most notably the Bible.</li>
<li>Williams’ mother was a painter with a degree in art from Paris, who inspired him to paint in his early years.</li>
<li>At high school, Williams was mostly interested in math and science. However, during this time he also became interested in literature and wrote his first poem as well. </li>
<li>In 1902, Williams met Ezra Pound and they became bosom friends. Although they always criticized each other’s poetry, their friendship remained intact until Williams’ demise.</li>
<li>After meeting Pound, Williams deviated from the conventions of Shakespeare, Keats and Whitman and tended towards imagist poetry.</li>
<li>Williams attended the Horace Mann School. He did not have to go to college at all since the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania used to admit selected students from reputed schools.</li>
<li>Having received his medical degree from Pennsylvania in 1906, Williams did internships at both French Hospital and Child's Hospital in New York.</li>
<li>He went to the University of Leipzig to study paediatrics and upon completion of the course, he started practising paediatrics in Rutherford in 1910.</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Media Gallery </b></h4>
<h5>
Photos</h5>
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<h4>
<span style="color: darkorange;"><b>References</b></span></h4>
Carter, Richard. “William Carlos Williams (1883–1963): physician-writer and “godfather of<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
avant garde poetry.” <u>The Annals of Thoracic Surgery</u>. 2020. Elsevier Inc. 31 May 2020</div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
<https://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(99)00293-3/fulltext>.</div>
<br />
“William Carlos Williams.” <u>Find a Grave</u>. 2020. Find a Grave.<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
31 May 2020<https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1112/william-carlos-williams>.</div>
<br />
“William Carlos Williams.” <u>Poetry Foundation</u>. 2020. Poetry Foundation.<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
31 May 2020< https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/william-carlos-williams>.</div>
<br />
“William Carlos Williams.” <u>Wikipedia</u>. 2020. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
31 May 2020< https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams >.</div>
<br /></div>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-80548296459206276462020-05-30T13:13:00.001+06:002020-05-30T16:18:54.331+06:00E.E. Cummings Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b> E.E. Cummings</b>, 20th-century American avant-garde poet, essayist, playwright, and painter.<br />
<h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEBIXOHyxsvTASP-atrguc8aDdQnERrt6iSnlkXYq1qB1V_iYRX_0VrY2N-DzWyxG2nm29vFF7rftUCNm-6to3R8lxNnYnD_62MfiC6_nvHhfzCOEpUtfV6R8tqfHtu6e9bswOS5hrFyI/s1600/e.e.-cummings-quick-facts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="E.E. Cummings Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEBIXOHyxsvTASP-atrguc8aDdQnERrt6iSnlkXYq1qB1V_iYRX_0VrY2N-DzWyxG2nm29vFF7rftUCNm-6to3R8lxNnYnD_62MfiC6_nvHhfzCOEpUtfV6R8tqfHtu6e9bswOS5hrFyI/s640/e.e.-cummings-quick-facts.jpg" title="E.E. Cummings Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
</h4>
<h4>
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Full Name: E. E. Cummings</li>
<li>Birth Name: Edward Estlin Cummings</li>
<li>AKA: Edward Estlin "E. E." Cummings; Edward E. Cummings</li>
<li>Date of Birth: October 14, 1894</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Libra</li>
<li>Date of Death: September 3, 1962</li>
<li>Died at Age: 67</li>
<li>Place of Death: Memorial Hospital, Conway, Carroll County, New Hampshire, United States</li>
<li>Place of Burial: Forest Hills Cemetery, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States</li>
<li>Epitaph:</li>
</ul>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
“Edward Estlin Cummings</div>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
1894–1962”</div>
<ul>
<li>Cause of Death: Stroke</li>
<li>Last Words: NA</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: American</li>
<li>Father: Edward Cummings (1861-1926)</li>
<li>Mother: Rebecca Haswell Cummings (formerly Clarke) (1859-1947)</li>
<li>Siblings:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Sister: Elizabeth Cummings Qualey (1901-1980)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Spouse(s):</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Elaine Thayer née Orr (1895-c. 1974; m. 1924 to 1924)</li>
<li>Anne Minnerly Barton (b. 1898-d. 1970; m. 1929 to 1932)</li>
<li>Marion Morehouse (b. 1906-d. 1969 m. 1932 to till his death)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Daughter: Nancy T. Andrews (1919-2006)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: Harvard University, Cambridge Latin School</li>
<li>Occupation: Author</li>
<li>E. E. Cummings is known for: incorporating innovative style and structure as well as mystical and anarchistic beliefs in his works.</li>
<li>E. E. Cummings is criticized for: producing works that were sentimental as well as politically naïve.</li>
<li>E. E. Cummings was influenced by: Amy Lowell (1874 -1925), Gertrude Stein (1874 -1946), Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), and Ezra Pound (1885-1972)</li>
<li>E. E. Cummings’ works inspired: Dave Eggers (1970), and Jonathan Safran Foer (1977)</li>
<li>Literary movement: Modernism</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“when man determined to destroy <br />
himself he picked the was <br />
of shall and finding only why <br />
smashed it into because”<br />
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes"> <b>– </b><b>E. E. Cummings</b>, <i>1 x 1 (1944) no. 26</i></a></blockquote>
<h4>
Awards and Achievements</h4>
<ul>
<li>Dial Award (1925)</li>
<li>Shelley Memorial Award for Poetry (1945)</li>
<li>Harriet Monroe Prize from <i>Poetry</i> magazine (1950)</li>
<li>Fellowship of American Academy of Poets (1950)</li>
<li>Guggenheim Fellowship (1951)</li>
<li>Boston Arts Festival Award (1957)</li>
<li>Bollingen Prize in Poetry (1958)</li>
<li>Two-year Ford Foundation grant of $15,000 (1959)</li>
<li>Charles Eliot Norton Professorship at Harvard (1952–1953)</li>
<li>Special citation from the National Book Award Committee for his <i>Poems, 1923–1954</i> (1957)</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Major Themes</h4>
<ul>
<li>Love</li>
<li>Sex</li>
<li>War</li>
<li>Childhood</li>
<li>Nature</li>
<li>Religion</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Major Literary Works</h4>
<ul>
<li><i>The Enormous Room</i> (1922)</li>
<li><i>Tulips and Chimneys</i> (1923)</li>
<li><i>&</i> (1925) (self-published)</li>
<li><i>XLI Poems</i> (1925)</li>
<li><i>is 5</i> (1926)</li>
<li><i>HIM</i> (1927)</li>
<li><i>ViVa</i> (1931)</li>
<li><i>CIOPW</i> (1931) (artworks)</li>
<li><i>EIMI</i> (1933)</li>
<li><i>No Thanks</i> (1935)</li>
<li><i>Collected Poems</i> (1938)</li>
<li><i>50 Poems</i> (1940)</li>
<li><i>1 × 1</i> (1944)</li>
<li><i>Santa Claus: A Morality</i> (1946)</li>
<li><i>XAIPE: Seventy-One Poems</i> (1950)</li>
<li><i>i—six nonlectures</i> (1953)</li>
<li><i>Poems, 1923–1954</i> (1954)</li>
<li><i>95 Poems</i> (1958)</li>
<li><i>73 Poems</i> (1963) (posthumous)</li>
<li><i>Fairy Tales</i> (1965)</li>
<li><i>Etcetera: The Unpublished Poems</i> (1983)</li>
<li><i>Complete Poems, 1904–1962</i>, edited by George James Firmage, Liveright 2008</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Major Artworks</h4>
<ul>
<li>e. cummings Self-Portrait</li>
<li>Noise Number 13</li>
<li>Scofield Thayer</li>
<li>Untitled</li>
<li>Sound</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>E. Cummings was the eldest of the two children born to Edward Cummings and his wife Rebecca Haswell Cummings.</li>
<li>His father was a professor of sociology and political science at Harvard University. Subsequently, he left Harvard to become the minister at Old South Church in Boston.</li>
<li>His mother Rebecca Haswell Clarke was the niece of Susana Haswell Rowson, the author of <i>Charlotte Temple</i>, the first bestseller novel in America.</li>
<li>When her parents separated, Rebecca changed her last name from Hanson to Clarke, her mother’s maiden name.</li>
<li>In 1933, Cumming’s younger sister Elizabeth Cummings married Carlton Chester Orlando Qualey (1904-1988), a Carleton College faculty member. The couple had two children namely John and Mary.</li>
<li>Elizabeth Cummings Qualey’s <i>When I Was a Little Girl</i> (1981) contains memoirs of her childhood which she wrote 30 years ago for her children. In this book, she recounts her life with parents, brother E.E. Cummings, relatives, and friends from school, college and university.</li>
<li>Cummings’ endeavour of writing dates back to early 1904 when he was under 10 years of age. His parents supported him spontaneously to help to develop his creativity.</li>
<li>He graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1915 and received a Master of Arts degree from the very university in 1916.</li>
<li>After his graduation, Cummings served as an ambulance driver in World War I. Later on, he was unjustly imprisoned for three months at a French camp on suspicion of This experience inspired him to write his first book <i>The Enormous Room </i>(1922).</li>
<li>Failing to release his son through diplomatic channels, Edward Cummings wrote a letter to President Woodrow Wilson. Cummings was finally released on December 19, 1917, and returned to the United States on New Year’s Day 1918.</li>
<li>Later in July 1918, he was drafted into the U.S. army. He served at Fort Devens, Massachusetts, until the end of the war in 1918.</li>
<li>In the post-World War I era, spanning between the 1920s and 1930s, he started to live interchangeably in France and the United States, finally settling in New York City.</li>
<li>In the year 1921, he went to Paris to study art. Cummings also met Pablo Picasso, the famous 20<sup>th</sup>-century painter whose work he venerated most.</li>
<li>During his lifetime Cummings’ book earnings were never lucrative and he always had to remain worried about money. Due to abject financial condition, he continued accepting cheques from his mother even during his 50s.</li>
<li>Cummings sent his poems in <i>The Dial </i>magazine so frequently that he won the Dial Award for poetry in 1925. The award secured Cummings a sum of $2,000.00 which was equivalent to his full year’s income.</li>
<li>In 1926, Cummings’ parents encountered a fatal car accident, which instantly killed his father and left his mother severely injured but she did ultimately survive. His father’s demise left a profound impact in his mind and it paved the way for the beginning of a new phase of artistic development. Cummings paid tribute to his father in his poem <i>my father moved through dooms of love.</i></li>
<li>Cummings was married thrice, which reportedly include a long-term common-law marriage. He and his first wife, Elaine Orr was involved in an illicit love affair in 1919 while she was still married to Scofield Thayer, Cummings' best friend, mentor, and patron. When Thayer learnt about the relationship he was unruffled. Orr gave birth to Cummings’ only child Nancy on December 20, 1919. When Thayer divorced Orr, she and Cummings got married on March 19, 1924. However, the marriage lasted for less than nine months. He espoused his second wife Anne Minnerly Barton on May 01, 1929, but they got divorced three years later in 1932. Then Cummings met the fashion model and photographer Marion Morehouse. Although Morehouse lived with him till his death, it is still debatable whether they ever formally married.</li>
<li>Before divorcing Elaine, Thayer took the complete financial responsibility for Elaine and Nancy. But after the divorce, he continued to provide support for Nancy.</li>
<li>His daughter, Nancy was a poet, writer and artist.</li>
<li>Until 1948, Nancy thought that Thayer was her biological father, but not Cummings.</li>
<li>In 1943, Nancy married to Willard Roosevelt, the grandson of the former President Theodore Roosevelt but got separated in the early 50s. In 1954 Nancy married Greek classicist Kevin Andrews, the marriage, however, formally dissolved in 1968.</li>
<li>At different stages of her life, Nancy used various names such as Nancy Thayer and Nancy Roosevelt. But ultimately she opted to use the name Nancy T. Andrews for the rest of her life. However, in her book <i>Charon’s Daughter </i>(1977), she used her name as “Nancy Cummings de Fôret.” And this is for the first and last time she used her father’s name.</li>
<li>Initially, Cummings had to self-publish his works since none was interested to publish his works. Even after receiving the <i>Dial Award</i>, Cummings still struggled to manage a publisher. Only in the 1940s and 1950s, his writing style became popular and received critical acclamation.</li>
<li>Cummings invented an exceptionally unique writing style which no one else followed. He deviated radically from the accepted rules of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and syntax. He even invented weird compound words to create a more subjective style.</li>
<li><i>Tulips and Chimneys,</i> Cummings’ first collection of poems, was published in 1923. Although Cummings was satisfied with the overall execution of the book, he was utterly displeased with the publisher as he reduced the book from 152 poems to 86 poems and replaced the “&” in the book title with the word “and”. The deleted poems, however, were published in 1925 under the title “&”.</li>
<li>Apart from writing poems, novels, plays, and essays, Cummings also created numerous drawings and paintings. His most notable collection of artworks is <i>CIOPW (1931), which contains </i>27 drawings and 72 paintings.</li>
<li>At the time of his demise, Cummings was recognized as the second-best American poet after Robert Frost.</li>
</ul>
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Media Gallery </h4>
<h5>
Photos</h5>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikcvX-aBcNx_wKlNeEJDviMBH0zghoHb-3clNTsFH6lcVSUwTcomY1j_HYbCfW6H52-7xCB6wzDOsdGsIYry2N5vzKXTGe5NU34ATnAv2FjQRSVAMs-kRVrChDNjD-q0haTaDZZYVRLNY/s1600/Rebecca-Haswell-Clarke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rebecca Haswell Cummings (formerly Clarke) (1859-1947)" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikcvX-aBcNx_wKlNeEJDviMBH0zghoHb-3clNTsFH6lcVSUwTcomY1j_HYbCfW6H52-7xCB6wzDOsdGsIYry2N5vzKXTGe5NU34ATnAv2FjQRSVAMs-kRVrChDNjD-q0haTaDZZYVRLNY/s1600/Rebecca-Haswell-Clarke.jpg" title="Rebecca Haswell Cummings (formerly Clarke) (1859-1947)" /></a></div>
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Videos</h5>
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<span style="color: #ff9900;"><b>References</b></span><br />
<br /> “E. E. Cummings.” <u>Wikipedia</u>. 2020. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
27 May 2020< https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._E._Cummings>.</div>
<br /> “E. E. Cummings.” <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Poetry Foundation</span>. 2020. Poetry Foundation.<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
27 May 2020< https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/e-e-cummings>.</div>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-26575308719784749462020-04-19T17:30:00.001+06:002020-04-19T17:30:41.313+06:00Oscar Wilde Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Oscar Wilde </b>was an illustrious 19th-century Irish playwright, poet, and novelist.<br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Birth Name: Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde</li>
<li>AKA: Oscar Wilde</li>
<li>Date of Birth: October 16, 1854</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Dublin, Ireland</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Libra</li>
<li>Date of Death: November 30, 1900</li>
<li>Died at Age: 46 Years</li>
<li>Place of Death: Paris, France</li>
<li>Place of Burial: Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris</li>
<li>Epitaph:</li>
</ul>
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
“And alien tears will fill for him<br />
Pity's long-broken urn,<br />
For his mourners will be outcast men,<br />
And outcasts always mourn.”</div>
<ul>
<li>Cause of Death: Meningitis</li>
<li>Last Words: ‘My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death<i>. </i>One or the other of us has to go’</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: Irish</li>
<li>Father: Sir William Robert Wills Wilde (1815–1876)</li>
<li>Mother: Jane Francesca Agnes, Lady Wilde (née Elgee) (1821–1896)</li>
<li>Siblings:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Older Brother: Willie Wilde (1852–1899)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Younger Sister: Isola Wilde (b. 1856)</li>
<li>Spouse: Constance Mary Wilde (née Lloyd) (b. 1859 –d. 1898; m. 1884 to until her death)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Son: Cyril Holland (born Cyril Wilde) (1885–1915)</li>
<li>Son: Vyvyan Holland (born Vyvyan Oscar Beresford Wilde) (1886–1967)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: Portora Royal School (1864-1971); Trinity College, Dublin (1871-1974); Magdalen College, Oxford (1874-1978)</li>
<li>Occupation: Playwright, novelist, poet, editor, and critic</li>
<li>Oscar Wilde is known for: his clever and hilarious social commentary</li>
<li>Oscar Wilde is criticized for: homosexuality</li>
<li>Oscar Wilde was influenced by: John Keats (1795-1821), Théophile Gautier (1811-1872), John Ruskin (1819-1900), Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882), William Morris (1834 -1896), James McNeill Whistler (1834-1903), Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909), Walter Pater (1839-1894), John Pentland Mahaffy (1839-1919), John Addington Symonds (1849-1893), and Robert Baldwin "Robbie" Ross (1869-1918)</li>
<li>Oscar Wilde’s works inspired: Max Beerbohm (1872-1956)</li>
<li>Literary movement: Aesthetic movement, Decadent movement</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“The books that the world calls immoral are books that show the world its own shame.”<br />
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes...">–<b> Oscar Wilde</b>, <i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i> (1842)</a></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“It is perfectly monstrous,' he said, at last, 'the way people go about nowadays saying things against one behind one's back that are absolutely and entirely true.”<br />
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes...">– <b>Oscar Wilde</b>, <i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i> (1842)</a></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“In this world there are only two tragedies. One is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it.”<br />
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes...">–<b> Oscar Wilde</b>, <i>Lady Windermere's Fan </i>(1892)</a></blockquote>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Major Works</h4>
<h3>
Essays</h3>
<ul>
<li>"The Decay of Lying" (1989/ 1990)</li>
<li>"Pen, Pencil and Poison" (1989/ 1990)</li>
<li>"The Soul of Man under Socialism" (1991/1995)</li>
<li>Intentions (1891)</li>
<li>"Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young" (1894)</li>
<li>"A Few Maxims For The Instruction Of The Over-Educated" (1894)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Novel</h3>
<ul>
<li>The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890/1891)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Stories</h3>
<ul>
<li>"The Portrait of Mr. W. H." (1889)</li>
<li>The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888)</li>
<li>A House of Pomegranates (1891)</li>
<li>Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories (1891)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Poems</h3>
<ul>
<li>Ravenna (1878)</li>
<li>Poems (1881)</li>
<li>The Sphinx (1894)</li>
<li>Poems in Prose (1894)</li>
<li>The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898)</li>
</ul>
<h3>
Plays</h3>
<ul>
<li>Vera; or, The Nihilists (1880)</li>
<li>The Duchess of Padua (1883)</li>
<li>Lady Windermere's Fan (1892)</li>
<li>A Woman of No Importance (1893)</li>
<li>An Ideal Husband (1895) (text)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) (text)</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Did You Know?</h4>
<ol>
<li>Oscar Wilde was second of the three children born to Sir William Wilde and to Jane Wilde.</li>
<li>William Wilde was an author and well-known ear and eye surgeon. He was knighted for his contribution as an assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland.</li>
<li>Jane Wilde was a renowned poet and Irish nationalist.</li>
<li>William Wilde had three offspring from his previous marriage; however, he kept them somewhere else with necessary support but never endorsed them as members of his family.</li>
<li>Wild’s youngest sister, Isola died of meningitis at the age of ten. Wilde paid homage to her untimely demise through the poem <i>Requiescat</i>.</li>
<li>Wilde attended the Portora Royal School at Enniskillen with his older brother Willie.</li>
<li>In 1871, Wilde was awarded the Royal School Scholarship to attend Trinity College.</li>
<li>After securing the highest honours at Trinity College, he also achieved another scholarship to study at Magdalen College in Oxford.</li>
<li>At Magdalen College, he received the Newdigate Prize for his long poem <i>Ravenna </i>(1878).</li>
<li>After graduating from Magdalen College, Wilde returned to Dublin for his childhood beloved Florence Balcombe, however, he went back to England when he found that she was engaged to marry fellow writer Bram Stoker.</li>
<li>He published his first play, <i>Vera, or The Nihilists</i> in 1980 privately. It was a melodrama about the Russian revolutionaries.</li>
<li>In 1881, at the age of 27, Wilde published his first collection of poetry, <i>Poems</i> at his own expense.</li>
<li>On May 29, 1884, Oscar married Constance Lloyd who was a talented writer of Children's stories.</li>
<li>To support his family Wilde occasionally lectured, wrote book reviews for newspapers and magazines, including the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> and the <i>Dramatic Review.</i></li>
<li>In 1888, he published his first work of prose, <i>The Happy Prince, and Other Tales</i>.</li>
<li>In 1890, Wilde published the commercially successful <i>The Picture of Dorian Gray</i>, the only novel he ever wrote. Although this novel is widely read today, it received fierce criticism after publication.</li>
<li>During his most productive period, Wilde began to mix with the literary circles that were often homosexual. He allegedly had his first homosexual affair with Robert Ross, the Canadian journalist, art critic, and art dealer.</li>
<li>In 1891, Wilde met the poet Lord Alfred Douglas and involved in an intense love relationship. Their intimacy reached to a certain point that subsequently Wilde was convicted for homosexuality and sentenced for two years with hard labour.</li>
<li>In 1897 he was released from prison and moved to France and stayed there until his death.</li>
<li>Upon his release, he penned <i>The Ballad of Reading Gaol</i>, which reveals his concerns for inhumane prison conditions.</li>
<li>The later period of his life was largely unproductive since he was unable to produce any notable works; he drank heavily and mostly spent his time visiting friends for monetary aid and living in cheap hotels.</li>
<li>Even after the scandalous trial and imprisonment, Wilde and his wife never divorced. However, Constance changed her sons’ surname to “Holland” to keep them aloof from social humiliation.</li>
<li>Wilde’s eldest son Cyril, who became a Captain in the Royal Field Artillery, went to fight in World War I and died.</li>
<li>His youngest son, Vyvyan also went to World War I. Afterwards he worked as a translator for the BBC. In 1954, he authored an autobiography entitled <i>Son of Oscar Wilde</i>, wherein he mentioned that his father was a loving parent and he and his brother had a happy childhood.</li>
<li>In 2008, Vyvyan's son, and Oscar Wilde’s only grandchild, Christopher Merlin Vyvyan Holland published <i>A Portrait of Oscar Wilde</i>.</li>
<li>On November 30, 1900, just before his death, Wilde converted to Roman Catholicism.</li>
<li>In 1909, his remains were disinterred from Cimetière de Bagneux and transferred to Père Lachaise Cemetery.</li>
<li>Wilde’s tomb sculpture was crafted by Jacob Epstein upon commissioned by Robert Ross. Ross requested to keep a small chamber in the tomb for his own ashes. Ross's ashes were transferred into Wilde's tomb in 1950, on the 50th death anniversary Oscar Wilde.</li>
</ol>
<h4>
Media Gallery</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3wbWtgHAqS0Cx_4CyGA1H0s-JTY6aajM4pYOr0CcK8CsiNleXpkfguM59Ixet7Df6O_-SMKIWXQ1WLg3AXqb6RUTVrlMx9fFfxF-MJVUfNyBLN41c6nahGGjKiirijsHyNkFLU5R4X_8/s1600/Oscar-Wilde-04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Oscar Wilde" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3wbWtgHAqS0Cx_4CyGA1H0s-JTY6aajM4pYOr0CcK8CsiNleXpkfguM59Ixet7Df6O_-SMKIWXQ1WLg3AXqb6RUTVrlMx9fFfxF-MJVUfNyBLN41c6nahGGjKiirijsHyNkFLU5R4X_8/s320/Oscar-Wilde-04.jpg" title="Oscar Wilde" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG4cUk2L5EFcpmkqpsMKeL0J6-ACWLP1Nww51pWC1LZzGIAq8OeHO06rhDIKXtxplRKX7ghqkX9iuMRa-UcaUttpAA_ycXsWvz0qnzby9pJTrQ3rha_JXFlsdS44CrIQq-Ax6XvKpsepw/s1600/Constance-Lloyd-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Constance Lloyd" border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="291" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG4cUk2L5EFcpmkqpsMKeL0J6-ACWLP1Nww51pWC1LZzGIAq8OeHO06rhDIKXtxplRKX7ghqkX9iuMRa-UcaUttpAA_ycXsWvz0qnzby9pJTrQ3rha_JXFlsdS44CrIQq-Ax6XvKpsepw/s320/Constance-Lloyd-1.jpg" title="Constance Lloyd" width="222" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1UM1G_Zj6A8Hm4DNYYa0jBwokbvD8cMhDUCFQIQRw59LenGbka3kTiJqqj71Yh7xwyY-qOGjx1UZ0m863iVGTUaKuSVqSv1h7TWBrihu134GBIZMhzdCQKDLTpZ1YRD_r63FpnM4wnhA/s1600/Constance-Lloyd-1982.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Constance Lloyd in 1982" border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="348" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1UM1G_Zj6A8Hm4DNYYa0jBwokbvD8cMhDUCFQIQRw59LenGbka3kTiJqqj71Yh7xwyY-qOGjx1UZ0m863iVGTUaKuSVqSv1h7TWBrihu134GBIZMhzdCQKDLTpZ1YRD_r63FpnM4wnhA/s320/Constance-Lloyd-1982.jpg" title="Constance Lloyd in 1982" width="231" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Q62XjNjd29YrOq9klmqH4frlsX7TlslHlAsa9R8mq68VoVlROYxfLDDXtbButLtMwwLAzzyaBpPfIaq4QjgegwZJvXBD8NKRFMANRM1zyEuiachq1tOYcKVgbsQuxuwrhK8FjrnMbuU/s1600/Constance-Lloyd-Cyril+Holland-1889.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Constance Lloyd Cyril Holland in 1889" border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="485" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6Q62XjNjd29YrOq9klmqH4frlsX7TlslHlAsa9R8mq68VoVlROYxfLDDXtbButLtMwwLAzzyaBpPfIaq4QjgegwZJvXBD8NKRFMANRM1zyEuiachq1tOYcKVgbsQuxuwrhK8FjrnMbuU/s320/Constance-Lloyd-Cyril+Holland-1889.jpg" title="Constance Lloyd Cyril Holland in 1889" width="252" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmb7M-qFLWAqfqXjwQ_MdaynUUwtq3QsnCC4onjiBzLUrV3bynX7gg21MW2N1y38BRCd9HMdZRk-fxH8rbmfL8oDMwKej3zpGLIg22f83SOhhQR8n0GSLpoBK2W7ZiAWRgjhbvxxXA6Iw/s1600/Oscar-Wilde-Constance-Lloyd-Cyril-Wilde-1984.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Oscar Wilde with Constance Lloyd and Cyril Holland in1984" border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="635" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmb7M-qFLWAqfqXjwQ_MdaynUUwtq3QsnCC4onjiBzLUrV3bynX7gg21MW2N1y38BRCd9HMdZRk-fxH8rbmfL8oDMwKej3zpGLIg22f83SOhhQR8n0GSLpoBK2W7ZiAWRgjhbvxxXA6Iw/s320/Oscar-Wilde-Constance-Lloyd-Cyril-Wilde-1984.jpg" title="Oscar Wilde with Constance Lloyd and Cyril Holland in1984" width="211" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU8f0mNrCVfwcsUEzq2jfmNTL_B3uQ2JEI62hz5s_FkaQw5Y_UiDwOy-uAGLoX3yumt1fNprKxEpVPkFAPg1Ey0BJP0QmumwvrmYYzbSOZx33-X0k99uRtcmzCsn4d7h2117VHdsYb6rc/s1600/cyril-holland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU8f0mNrCVfwcsUEzq2jfmNTL_B3uQ2JEI62hz5s_FkaQw5Y_UiDwOy-uAGLoX3yumt1fNprKxEpVPkFAPg1Ey0BJP0QmumwvrmYYzbSOZx33-X0k99uRtcmzCsn4d7h2117VHdsYb6rc/s1600/cyril-holland.jpg" title="Cyril Holland" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXt12_TXBvbSTaCHP_2NJw30WHlKbQeocPEgZOQcwyP3RUEHX5PXJJJI4Z8XPUXTbEw7hKAd2FbI_bVZg3vx_SuKHLAyrZaa8hcM5k6deF4AI8wxINBr7F3CDbP9S0HUJHtF0FnJU2Cg/s1600/Vyvyan-and-Cyril-Holland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Vyvyan (left) and Cyril (right) Holland" border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="600" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbXt12_TXBvbSTaCHP_2NJw30WHlKbQeocPEgZOQcwyP3RUEHX5PXJJJI4Z8XPUXTbEw7hKAd2FbI_bVZg3vx_SuKHLAyrZaa8hcM5k6deF4AI8wxINBr7F3CDbP9S0HUJHtF0FnJU2Cg/s320/Vyvyan-and-Cyril-Holland.jpg" title="Vyvyan (left) and Cyril (right) Holland" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG-8elDtjUYGawWIhxvO9b5FcIZyh4_oRh7v5swkj4BnkXw2pkOevA72zqT5bra4H8s_hmm-eaaJg6b-FsGs2pYktucSXNKk8vDCvgJv9UMFKVii7SgJiBwCxj_4kGUnoKlG4dvKI17SQ/s1600/cyril-holland.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cyril Holland" border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="295" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG-8elDtjUYGawWIhxvO9b5FcIZyh4_oRh7v5swkj4BnkXw2pkOevA72zqT5bra4H8s_hmm-eaaJg6b-FsGs2pYktucSXNKk8vDCvgJv9UMFKVii7SgJiBwCxj_4kGUnoKlG4dvKI17SQ/s320/cyril-holland.jpeg" title="Cyril Holland" width="251" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6fibjmou4BO9VXhJFh91miO4clzX-WfWEQ8U_5R1VUejXaDNvTCBWeBKCSiNkbV7XojN9wh_S5evKEgvgQ0NJFSkX6J_lY4Zpe7kZKm2V3B2_L501hitmXxqNLyjImV56emJjMinKkxw/s1600/Vyvyan-Holland-Christopher-Merlin-Vyvyan-Holland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Vyvyan Holland with his son Christopher Merlin Vyvyan Holland" border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6fibjmou4BO9VXhJFh91miO4clzX-WfWEQ8U_5R1VUejXaDNvTCBWeBKCSiNkbV7XojN9wh_S5evKEgvgQ0NJFSkX6J_lY4Zpe7kZKm2V3B2_L501hitmXxqNLyjImV56emJjMinKkxw/s320/Vyvyan-Holland-Christopher-Merlin-Vyvyan-Holland.jpg" title="Vyvyan Holland with his son Christopher Merlin Vyvyan Holland" width="260" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQtsg6vjCoKIpdqMm1SHYdVF7ftx4rIwZ_YqwQF1XDx9EX5wRMYkLV6lr3KHOFcrMS8Cwr8lfP8b7Xex-s1r5qAIXJ8gW7W3nzM8RrqK2NFeRJw7aUiUZAEtWtbJfJPpIUzIfaRNW_Ps/s1600/Vyvyan0Holland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Vyvyan Holland " border="0" data-original-height="281" data-original-width="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQtsg6vjCoKIpdqMm1SHYdVF7ftx4rIwZ_YqwQF1XDx9EX5wRMYkLV6lr3KHOFcrMS8Cwr8lfP8b7Xex-s1r5qAIXJ8gW7W3nzM8RrqK2NFeRJw7aUiUZAEtWtbJfJPpIUzIfaRNW_Ps/s1600/Vyvyan0Holland.jpg" title="Vyvyan Holland " /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMY56R1lxqfGvQUcL89obZnNOYC7vARUJOdZB3Aaux51FD31jpDk4MIN8mtB33-AKLJIX1iiCk8NxvOGW12vI7FjWqpjjEgzY_PwhzXzk2i3zoAY3L6M35wvC5shJe9Z6OZKKtLo01ZzY/s1600/Merlin-Holland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Christopher Merlin Vyvyan Holland, Oscar Wilde's only grandchild" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMY56R1lxqfGvQUcL89obZnNOYC7vARUJOdZB3Aaux51FD31jpDk4MIN8mtB33-AKLJIX1iiCk8NxvOGW12vI7FjWqpjjEgzY_PwhzXzk2i3zoAY3L6M35wvC5shJe9Z6OZKKtLo01ZzY/s320/Merlin-Holland.jpg" title="Christopher Merlin Vyvyan Holland, Oscar Wilde's only grandchild" width="213" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeTd4lBfPbQuY_0x734lWVlQcxBnNaAD4Yf3sXRCE2Sl_GhHRBXWFuRtunoNKMcuq3aPL29h9NWVE6neituvXmOYV42V8F3Bj369_3oS-og2VJvP_jgItBefWsvakpFW-XTUrN_9BaIps/s1600/Oscar-Wilde-and-Lord-Alfred-Douglas-1883.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas in 1883" border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="696" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeTd4lBfPbQuY_0x734lWVlQcxBnNaAD4Yf3sXRCE2Sl_GhHRBXWFuRtunoNKMcuq3aPL29h9NWVE6neituvXmOYV42V8F3Bj369_3oS-og2VJvP_jgItBefWsvakpFW-XTUrN_9BaIps/s320/Oscar-Wilde-and-Lord-Alfred-Douglas-1883.jpg" title="Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas in 1883" width="222" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #f6b26b;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhVxn_58O-gOnWqmUbXq9skU6Cx1MhRif99pGhy30HYrx_GcHCBGVCPhJOFAtLf_E1cTrfHu1cliNBZ5_AwPbTpVIspgnh_cVndU79MtEcRPR1utQdTJLJFb07WmCRYDPgHf1yjp2IyGs/s1600/Oscar-Wilde-and-Lord-Alfred-Douglas-1894.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas in 1894" border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="497" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhVxn_58O-gOnWqmUbXq9skU6Cx1MhRif99pGhy30HYrx_GcHCBGVCPhJOFAtLf_E1cTrfHu1cliNBZ5_AwPbTpVIspgnh_cVndU79MtEcRPR1utQdTJLJFb07WmCRYDPgHf1yjp2IyGs/s320/Oscar-Wilde-and-Lord-Alfred-Douglas-1894.jpg" title="Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas in 1894" width="265" /></a></span></div>
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<h4>
<span style="color: #f6b26b;"> </span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="color: #f6b26b;">References</span></h4>
Beckson, Karl. “Oscar Wilde”. <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 2020.<br />
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.11 April 2020</div>
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
<https://www.britannica.com/biography/Oscar-Wilde>.</div>
<br />
<br />
“Oscar Wilde.” <u>Wikipedia</u>. 2020. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.<br />
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
11 April 2020< https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde>.</div>
<br />
<br />
“Oscar Wilde Biography”. <u>The Biography.com website</u>. 2020.<br />
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
A&E Television Networks.11 April 2020</div>
<br />
<div style="padding-left: 30px;">
< https://www.biography.com/writer/oscar-wilde>.</div>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-45332899176516615742020-01-09T13:41:00.002+06:002020-09-22T22:42:00.300+06:00Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow </b>was an illustrious 19th century American novelist and poet.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqZt6mkR05MUzmdJiO8v7lb8o5e0_pJ5IhHYgIJhc4MPXcPg_ChbHjaKXSbCLsDnAzbmJsD9bLeaIgLA0zWVCFirk1pMlbwS7S9K3HfDno-hJA9mtvlGunzZQ4lH8zL5eAbD1WjJ0QbPI/s1600/longfellow-quick-facts.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqZt6mkR05MUzmdJiO8v7lb8o5e0_pJ5IhHYgIJhc4MPXcPg_ChbHjaKXSbCLsDnAzbmJsD9bLeaIgLA0zWVCFirk1pMlbwS7S9K3HfDno-hJA9mtvlGunzZQ4lH8zL5eAbD1WjJ0QbPI/s640/longfellow-quick-facts.jpg" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Birth Name: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</li>
<li>AKA: Henry Longfellow</li>
<li>Date of Birth: February 27, 1807</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Portland, Maine, USA</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Pisces</li>
<li>Date of Death: March 24, 1882</li>
<li>Died at Age: 75 years</li>
<li>Place of Death: Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</li>
<li>Place of Burial: Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</li>
<li>Cause of Death: Peritonitis</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: American</li>
<li>Father: Stephen Longfellow (1776–1849)</li>
<li>Mother: Zilpah (Wadsworth) Longfellow (1778–1851)</li>
<li>Siblings:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Eldest Brother: Stephen Wadsworth Longfellow (1805–1850)</li>
<li>Younger Sister: Elizabeth Wadsworth Longfellow (1808–1829)</li>
<li>Younger Sister: Anne Wadsworth Pierce (1810–1901)</li>
<li>Younger Sister: Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow (1814–1901)</li>
<li>Younger Sister: Mary Greenleaf (Longfellow) (1816–1901)</li>
<li>Younger Sister: Ellen Longfellow (1818–1834)</li>
<li>Youngest Brother: Reverend Samuel Longfellow (1819–1892)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Spouses:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Mary Storer Potter (b. 1812–d. 1835; m. 1831 until her demise)</li>
<li>Frances Elizabeth Appleton (b. 1817–d. 1861; m. 1843 until her demise)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Stillborn: - - - (October 5, 1835- October 5, 1835)</li>
<li>Son: Charles Appleton Longfellow (1844–1893)</li>
<li>Son: Ernest Wadsworth Longfellow (1845–1921)</li>
<li>Daughter: Fanny Longfellow (1847–1848)</li>
<li>Daughter: Alice Mary Longfellow (1850–1928)</li>
<li>Daughter: Edith Dana Longfellow (1853–1915)</li>
<li>Daughter: Anne Allegra Longfellow (1855–1934)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: Bowdoin College</li>
<li>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is known for: composing melodious poems that frequently revolve around mythology and legend.</li>
<li>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is criticized for: mimicking the English Romantic tradition.</li>
<li>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was influenced by: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805), Jean Paul Richter (1763-1825), Novalis (Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg) (1772–1801), E.T.A. Hoffmann (1776 –1822), Johann Ludwig Uhland (1787-1862), Washington Irving (1783–1859), William Cullen Bryant (1794–1878), James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851), <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2009/10/walt-whitman-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">Walt Whitman</a> (1819–1892), and <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2010/04/emily-dickinson-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">Emily Dickinson</a> (1830 –1886).</li>
<li>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s works inspired: NA</li>
<li>Awards:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Honorary doctorate of laws from Harvard in 1859.</li>
</ol>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“The shades of night were falling fast,<br />
As through an Alpine village passed<br />
A youth, who bore, 'mid snow and ice,<br />
A banner with the strange device,<br />
Excelsior!”<br />
<a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">– <b>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,</b> <i>Excelsior</i> (1842)</a></blockquote>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Major Works</h4>
<ul>
<li>Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique (1833)</li>
<li>Outre-Mer (1835)</li>
<li>Voices of the Night (1839)</li>
<li>Hyperion (1839)</li>
<li>Ballads and Other Poems (1842)</li>
<li>Poems on Slavery (1842)</li>
<li>The Spanish Student (1843)</li>
<li>Poets and Poetry of Europe (1844)</li>
<li>The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems (1845)</li>
<li>Poems (1845)</li>
<li>The Waif (1846)</li>
<li>The Estray (1846)</li>
<li>Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie (1847)</li>
<li>The Seaside and the Fireside (1850)</li>
<li>Kavanagh (1851)</li>
<li>The Golden Legend (1851)</li>
<li>The Song of Hiawatha (1855)</li>
<li>Poems the "Blue and Gold" edition (1857)</li>
<li>The Courtship of Miles Standish and Other Poems (1858)</li>
<li>Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863)</li>
<li>Household Poems (1865)</li>
<li>Flower-de-Luce (1866)</li>
<li>Poetical Works (1866)</li>
<li>Dante's Divine Comedy (1867)</li>
<li>The New England Tragedies (1868)</li>
<li>The Divine Tragedy (1871)</li>
<li>Christus: A Mystery (1871)</li>
<li>Three Books of Song (1872)</li>
<li>Aftermath (1873)</li>
<li>The Complete Poetical Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1873)</li>
<li>Poetical Works, the "Household" edition (1874)</li>
<li>The Masque of Pandora and Other Poems (1875)</li>
<li>Complete Poetical Works, the "Centennial" edition (1876)</li>
<li>Poems of Places (1877)</li>
<li>Keramos and Other Poems (1878)</li>
<li>Ultima Thule (1880)</li>
<li>In the Harbor (1882)</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Works Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was the second of eight children born to Stephen Longfellow and Zilpah (Wadsworth) Longfellow.</li>
<li>Longfellow's father was a lawyer and congressman.</li>
<li>Longfellow's first wife, Mary Storer Potter, was his childhood friend from Portland.</li>
<li>Both of his wives died tragically: his first wife died from a miscarriage in 1835, whereas his second wife died in a fire in 1861.</li>
<li>Longfellow enrolled at Bowdoin College in 1822 along with his eldest brother Stephen.</li>
<li>Nathaniel Hawthorne was his classmate and lifelong friend.</li>
<li>After its replacement in 1906, the West Boston Bridge was renamed as Longfellow Bridge.</li>
<li>In March, 15 2007, the United States Postal Service issued a 39-cent stamp to celebrate the 200th birth anniversary of Longfellow.</li>
<li>Towards the later years, Longfellow led a very silent and reclusive life.</li>
<li>He contributed towards the first American translation of Dante Alighieri's <i>Divine Comedy</i>.</li>
<li>Although Longfellow was the leading poet of his time, during the early half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century his importance diminished and he was considered as a minor poet.</li>
<li>He is the only American poet for whom a bust was placed in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London.</li>
<li>His first poem was published in the <i>Portland Gazette</i> on November 17, 1820.</li>
<li>Due to Longfellow’s immense popularity, his face was used by many companies to promote their products.</li>
<li>The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) occurred during his lifetime.</li>
<li>He was a professor at Harvard University from 1836 to 1854.</li>
<li>He was a poet of romantic tradition following many trends of the English Romantic movement.</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Media Gallery?</h4>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-58167116502232253682019-12-23T21:45:00.001+06:002020-09-12T21:42:54.419+06:00Wallace Stevens Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Wallace Stevens </b>was a major American poet of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century and an important member of the modernist movement in poetry.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAaACcTTf-Hl6DjOWUxMs6bA_9ABHhwdcpLPDVlkk9MM0S9HpLhZ6_tJDoMbwdRcofEp5l4DMt7aFcNU5L_McFHuYdLe-FQjRo_e1NcYg2MF9CFH1uKuH0t58EBvxP-GJWA-VniuQDYPU/s1600/wallace-stevens-quick-facts.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Wallace Stevens Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAaACcTTf-Hl6DjOWUxMs6bA_9ABHhwdcpLPDVlkk9MM0S9HpLhZ6_tJDoMbwdRcofEp5l4DMt7aFcNU5L_McFHuYdLe-FQjRo_e1NcYg2MF9CFH1uKuH0t58EBvxP-GJWA-VniuQDYPU/s640/wallace-stevens-quick-facts.jpg" title="Wallace Stevens Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
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<h4>
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Birth Name: Wallace Stevens</li>
<li>Pseudonym: Peter Parasol</li>
<li>Date of Birth: October 2, 1879</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Reading, Pennsylvania, United States of America</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Libra</li>
<li>Date of Death: August 2, 1955</li>
<li>Height: 6 ft 2 in</li>
<li>Died at Age: 75</li>
<li>Place of Death: Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America</li>
<li>Place of Burial: Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America</li>
<li>Cause of Death: Stomach Cancer</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: American</li>
<li>Father: Garrett Barcalow Stevens (1848-1911)</li>
<li>Mother: Margaretha Catharine Zeller (1850-1912)</li>
<li>Siblings: </li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Eldest Brother: Garrett Barcalow Stevens (1877-1937)</li>
<li>Younger Brother: John Bergen Stevens (1880-1940)</li>
<li>Younger Sister: Elizabeth (Stevens) McFarland (1885-1943)</li>
<li>Youngest Sister: Mary Catharine Stevens (1889-1919)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Spouse: Elsie Viola (Moll) Stevens (m. 1909–1955)(b. 1886–d. 1963)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Daughter: Holly Bright Stevens (1924–1992)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: Harvard University, New York Law School</li>
<li>Wallace Stevens is known for: (a) contrasting the harshness of modern industrialized life with the magnificence of nature (b)employing superior diction and dignified rhythms.</li>
<li>Wallace Stevens is criticized for: being too abstract and philosophical.</li>
<li>Wallace Stevens was influenced by: Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Jules Laforgue, and Walt Whitman.</li>
<li>Wallace Stevens’ works inspired: James Merrill, Donald Justice, John Ashbery, Mark Strand, and John Hollander.</li>
<li>Literary Movement: Modernism</li>
<li>Awards:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Bollingen Prize for Poetry (1949)</li>
<li>National Book Award for Poetry (1951, 1955)</li>
<li>Frost Medal (1951)</li>
<li>Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1955)</li>
</ol>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote>
"Out of this same light, out of the central mind,<br />
We make a dwelling in the evening air,<br />
In which being there together is enough.”<br />
<a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2020/09/quotations-by-wallace-stevens.html" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes"><b>- Steven Wallace</b>, <i>Final Soliloquy of the Interior Paramour</i></a></blockquote>
<h4>
Major Works</h4>
<b>Poetry</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Harmonium (1923)</li>
<li>Ideas of Order (1936)</li>
<li>Owl's Clover (1936)</li>
<li>The Man with the Blue Guitar (1937)</li>
<li>Parts of a World (1942)</li>
<li>Transport to Summer (1947)</li>
<li>Auroras of Autumn (1950)</li>
<li>Collected Poems (1954)</li>
<li>Opus Posthumous (1957)</li>
<li>The Palm at the End of the Mind (1972)</li>
<li>Collected Poetry and Prose (1997)</li>
</ul>
<b>Prose</b><br />
<ul>
<li>The Necessary Angel (essays) (1951)</li>
<li>Letters of Wallace Stevens, edited by Holly Stevens (1966)</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Stevens was the second of five children born to Garrett Barcalow Stevens, a successful lawyer and Margaretha Catharine Zeller, a former school teacher.</li>
<li>It took him seven years to complete his first book of poetry, <i>Harmonium</i> which was published in 1923.</li>
<li>Although Harmonium is now considered as a seminal work in modern poetry, the volume of its sale was insignificant.</li>
<li>During his early twenties, he had a short love affair with Sybil Gage Weddle, a beautiful and intellectual young lady with pleasing personality. She is a woman who he memorized for the rest of the life.</li>
<li>He espoused Elsie Kachel, a beautiful, lower class, ill-educated, and intellectually apathetic woman against his family’s approval. None from his family attended the wedding.</li>
<li>After encountering opposition against his marriage, Stevens ceased speaking to his father for the rest of his life.</li>
<li>The marriage was unhappy as Elsie gradually created a gulf between herself and Stevens after the birth of Holly, their only daughter. The couple, however, never divorced.</li>
<li>Holly edited her father's letters which was published as <i>Letters of Wallace Stevens</i> in 1966.</li>
<li>His 1954 book,<i> Collected Poems</i> won both a National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize.</li>
<li>Despite being a contemporary of modernist poets, such as T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams, Wallace never joined the intellectual circle.</li>
<li>Stevens enrolled in Harvard as an undergraduate student in 1897 but left the university in 1900 without accomplishing a degree.</li>
<li>He graduated in law in 1903 from New York Law School and was admitted to the U.S. Bar in 1904.</li>
<li>He practiced law in different law firms until 1916.</li>
<li>In 1916, Stevens took a position at Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company. In 1932 he was appointed Vice President of the company and served there until his demise.</li>
<li>Wallace Stevens won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1955, the year of his death<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>.</li>
</ul>
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Media Gallery</h4>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-79323485741615087412019-09-23T17:51:00.001+06:002019-12-30T21:31:32.467+06:00Benjamin Lee Whorf Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Benjamin Lee Whorf </b>was a notable American linguist.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNYSdqZAg0pgDgSw9Kh2HAB14uouuFJ1EiJTQyoA7pOYHvmg38A8mxn20TcBbMWXPGk207zyIk9OYcBIb3XHthxSdtqyC-xXd2mze3RZNfacCleelXhwcFOudZ1yY4ntsmNZrT9zkDlA/s1600/benjamin-lee-whorf-quick-facts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Benjamin Lee Whorf Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuNYSdqZAg0pgDgSw9Kh2HAB14uouuFJ1EiJTQyoA7pOYHvmg38A8mxn20TcBbMWXPGk207zyIk9OYcBIb3XHthxSdtqyC-xXd2mze3RZNfacCleelXhwcFOudZ1yY4ntsmNZrT9zkDlA/s640/benjamin-lee-whorf-quick-facts.jpg" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<h4>
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Birth Name: Benjamin Lee Whorf</li>
<li>AKA: Benjamin Whorf</li>
<li>Date of Birth: April 24, 1897</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Winthrop, Massachusetts, United States</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Taurus</li>
<li>Date of Death: July 26, 1941</li>
<li>Died at Age: 44</li>
<li>Place of Death: Hartford, Connecticut, United States</li>
<li>Place of Burial: Winthrop Cemetery, Winthrop, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States</li>
<li>Cause of Death: Cancer</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: American</li>
<li>Father: Harry Church Whorf (1874-1934)</li>
<li>Mother: Sarah Edna (née Lee) Whorf (1871-1962)</li>
<li>Siblings:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Brother: John Calderwood Whorf (1903-1959), married Vivienne Isabelle Wing (1903-1972) in 1925.</li>
<li>Brother: Richard Baker Whorf (1906-1966), married Margaret Harriet Smith (1908-1998) in 1929.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Spouse: Celia Inez Peckham (M. 1920) (b.1901-d.1997)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Son- Raymond Ben Whorf (b.1922)</li>
<li>Son- Robert Peckham Whorf (b.1924)</li>
<li>Daughter- Celia Lee Whorf (b.1930)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: Massachusetts Institute of Technology</li>
<li>Benjamin Whorf is known for: Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, Nahuatl linguistics, allophone, cryptotype, and Maya script</li>
<li>Benjamin Lee Whorfis criticized for: NA</li>
<li>Benjamin Lee Whorf was influenced by: Fabre d'Olivet, <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2018/11/edward-sapir-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">Edward Sapir</a>, Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, C. K. Ogden, Madame Blavatsky</li>
<li>Benjamin Lee Whorf’s Works Inspired: George Lakoff, John A. Lucy, Michael Silverstein, Linguistic Anthropology, M.A.K. Halliday, Dell Hymes</li>
<li>Fields: Linguistics, Anthropology, Fire Prevention</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"Thinking is most mysterious, and by far the greatest light upon it that we have is thrown by the study of language. This study shows that the forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language—shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. His thinking itself is in a language—in English, in Sanskrit, in Chinese. And every language is a vast pattern-system, different from others, in which are culturally ordained the forms and categories by which the personality not only communicates, but also analyzes nature, notices or neglects types of relationship and phenomena, channels his reasoning, and builds the house of his consciousness.” <br />
<br />
<a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes"><b>Benjamin Lee Whorf</b>, <i>Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings</i></a></blockquote>
<h4>
Major Works</h4>
Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings (1956)<br />
<h4>
Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Benjamin Lee Whorf was the eldest of the three sons born to Harry Church Whorf and Sarah Lee Whorf.</li>
<li>His father had a predilection for different fields of works, who first worked as a commercial artist and then tended towards playwriting, acting, and theatrical production.</li>
<li>His younger brother John was an internationally renowned painter and illustrator.</li>
<li>Whorf’s youngest brother Richard Whorf was an American actor, author, director, and designer.</li>
<li>Most of his works were published posthumously.</li>
<li>Although Benjamin Whorf exerted a significant influence in linguistics, he had never pursued career in that field.</li>
<li>Whorf refused countless research positions and opted to hold on to his career in chemical engineering.</li>
<li>Since childhood Whorf was an avid reader and he used to read books written on almost any subject.</li>
<li>Despite he always enjoyed studying language, Whorf finally attained a degree in chemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1918.</li>
<li>In the year 1919, he secured the position of an engineer at the Hartford Fire Insurance Company, where he served until his demise in 1941.</li>
<li>During the 1920s his interest in linguistics was revived and he corresponded with many renowned scholars of the time to share his ideas.</li>
<li>In 1931, Whorf enrolled at the Yale University as a part-time, non-degree graduate student and studied under the influential American linguist and anthropologist Edward Sapir.</li>
<li>Later on, his study with Sapir paved the way for formulating the concept of the equation of culture and language which is known as Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis.</li>
<li>In 1937, Whorf started his career as lecturer in Anthropology at University of Yale; however, he left Yale just after a year owing to severe health issues.</li>
<li>After ending his teaching career at Yale, he continued writing and researching until the last day of his life.</li>
</ul>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-46055660580696131902019-08-29T11:22:00.002+06:002019-08-29T11:22:44.485+06:00Dell Hymes Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<b>Dell Hymes</b><b>, </b>an influential sociolinguist, anthropologist, and folklorist.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlv8GGM3Bt4doWjaotzIYa7E83hKARpXsx3wI-H9HFJnTettxiTBlnD_smcIZgX918aXM39p9f3L7l6TQBRV8VCeP8lYhI7ueJ6HRTf3O1rzKIdWZ6uSRgHKifu72LUisa2ctQ71xadvU/s1600/quick-facts-dell-hymes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dell Hymes Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlv8GGM3Bt4doWjaotzIYa7E83hKARpXsx3wI-H9HFJnTettxiTBlnD_smcIZgX918aXM39p9f3L7l6TQBRV8VCeP8lYhI7ueJ6HRTf3O1rzKIdWZ6uSRgHKifu72LUisa2ctQ71xadvU/s640/quick-facts-dell-hymes.jpg" title="Dell Hymes Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<h4>
</h4>
<h4>
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Birth Name: Dell Hathaway Hymes</li>
<li>AKA: Dell Hymes; Dell H. Hymes</li>
<li>Date of Birth: June 7, 1927</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Portland, Oregon, USA</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Gemini</li>
<li>Date of Death: November 13, 2009</li>
<li>Died at Age: 82</li>
<li>Place of Death: Charlottesville, Virginia, USA</li>
<li>Place of Burial: NA</li>
<li>Cause of Death: Kidney failure & Alzheimer’s disease</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: American</li>
<li>Father: Howard Hathaway</li>
<li>Mother: Dorothy (née Bowman) Hymes</li>
<li>Siblings:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Brother: Corwin Hymes</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Spouse:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Virginia (née Dosch) Wolff (m. 1954)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Daughter- Vicky (Wolff) Unruh (by Virginia’s first marriage) (spouse: David)</li>
<li>Son - Robert Paul Wolff Hymes (by Virginia’s first marriage) (spouse: Debora Worth)</li>
<li>Daughter- Alison Bowman Hymes</li>
<li>Son- Kenneth Dell Hymes (spouse: Leisl Patton Hymes)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: Reed College; Indiana University.</li>
<li>Dell Hymes is known for: pioneering the connection between speech and human relations and human understandings of the world.</li>
<li>Dell Hymes is criticized for: NA</li>
<li>Dell Hymes was influenced by: Franz Boas, <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2018/11/edward-sapir-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">Edward Sapir</a>, Harry Hoijer, Roman Jakobson, Erving Goffman, Ray L. Birdwhistell, and Harold Garfinkel, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson.</li>
<li>Dell Hymes’s Works Inspired: Richard Bauman, Henry Glassie, and Lee Haring.</li>
<li>Research Interests: Anthropology, Native American mythology, ethnopoetics.</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Career History</h4>
<ul>
<li>Hymes' first faculty position was at the Harvard University where he remained five years.</li>
<li>In 1960, he joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley and served there for five years.</li>
<li>Dr. Hymes joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty in 1965 as professor of folklore and linguistics and of anthropology.</li>
<li>From 1975 to 1987, he served as the dean of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education.</li>
<li>He left Pennsylvania in 1987 to serve on the faculty at the University of Virginia in both the anthropology and English departments. He retired from Pennsylvania in 1998 as an emeritus professor.</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote>
"We have then to account for the fact that a normal child acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical, but also as appropriate. He or she acquires competence as to when to speak, when not, and as to what to talk about with whom, when, where, in what manner. In short, a child becomes able to accomplish a repertoire of speech acts, to take part in speech events, and to evaluate their accomplishment by others. This competence, moreover, is integral with attitudes, values, and motivations concerning language, its features and uses, and integral with competence for, and attitudes toward, the interrelation of language with the other code of communicative conduct."<a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read More Quotes">- Dell Hymes, “On communicative competence”</a></blockquote>
<blockquote>
“The specification of ability for use as part of competence allows for the role of non cognitive factors, such as motivation, as partly determining competence. In speaking of competence, it is especially important not to separate cognitive from affective and volitive factors, so far as the impact of the theory on educational practice is concerned; but also with regard to speech design and explanation” <a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read More Quotes">- Dell Hymes, “On communicative competence”</a></blockquote>
<blockquote>
"The concept of performance will take on great importance, in so far as the study of communicative competence is seen as an aspect of what from another angle may be called the ethnography of symbolic forms, the study of the variety of genres, narration, dance, drama, song, instrumental music, visual art, that interrelate with speech in the communicative life of a society and in terms of which the relative importance and meaning of speech and language must be assessed <a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read More Quotes">- Dell Hymes, “On communicative competence”</a></blockquote>
<h4>
Major Works</h4>
Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology (1964)<br />
"In Vain I Tried to Tell You": Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics (1981)<br />
Reinventing anthropology (1972)<br />
Ethnography, Linguistics, Narrative Inequality: Toward an Understanding of Voice (1996)<br />
Now I Know Only So Far (2003)<br />
American Structuralism (1975)<br />
Breakthrough Into Performance (1973)<br />
Essays in the History of Linguistic Anthropology (1983)<br />
Language in Education: Ethnolinguistic Essays (1980)<br />
The use of computers in anthropology (1965)<br />
On Noam Chomsky: Critical Essays (1974)<br />
Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach (1974)<br />
<h4>
Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Between 1944 to 1945 Hymes attended public schools in Oregon<b>.</b></li>
<li>After one year of his enrollment at Reed College, Hymes joined the army and served two years as clerk in South Korea during the World War II.</li>
<li>After the war he returned to Reed in 1947 and studied under legendary anthropology professor <b>David French</b> and his wife <b>Kay Story French.</b></li>
<li>In 1950, Hymes earned his bachelor’s degree in literature and anthropology from Reed College.</li>
<li>He earned his Ph.D. in linguistics from Indiana University in 1955.</li>
<li>He coined the term “Communicative competence” in reaction to Noam Chomsky’s (1965) concept of “linguistic competence”.</li>
<li>He postulated the SPEAKING Model.</li>
<li>He was one of the first to call the fourth subfield of anthropology "linguistic anthropology" instead of "anthropological linguistics".</li>
<li>He served as the president of the Linguistic Society of America in 1982, of the American Anthropological Association in 1983, and of the American Folklore Society.</li>
<li>In 1972, Hymes founded the journal <i>Language in Society</i> and served as its editor for 22 years.</li>
<li>In 2006, he was awarded the Gold Medal of Philology.</li>
<li>Hymes’ first marriage was a failure and ended in divorce.</li>
<li>He got married for the second time in 1954 to Virginia Dosch Wolff.</li>
<li>Hymes and Virginia were married for 55 years until his death in 2009.</li>
<li>Hymes adopted Virginia’s two children by her first marriage.</li>
<li>His wife, Virginia Hymes, was also a sociolinguist and folklorist.</li>
<li>Like Hymes, Virginia went on to work for more than half a century on Native American cultures and languages.</li>
<li>It is alleged that during his tenure at the University of Pennsylvania he was involved in sexually harassing a number of women.</li>
<li>In 1981, Hymes published his seminal work, <i>'In Vain I Tried to Tell You': Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics.</i></li>
<li>Hymes is best known for his pioneering work in ethnopoetics.</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Photographs</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDo8WXaOAWD3tfDmwzYcgM2MseOUTcB5C0VUPhxG2q4uwZU8PCFXazP7S_KRxOV5l-7fDv0AN8b4xzxFj4039DdzBS4gUIkrlJoqbyr6J6tG5rEb1pm2-w0lqpSwR2-AQM916yMBuX52g/s1600/dell-hymes-01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dell Hymes" border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="228" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDo8WXaOAWD3tfDmwzYcgM2MseOUTcB5C0VUPhxG2q4uwZU8PCFXazP7S_KRxOV5l-7fDv0AN8b4xzxFj4039DdzBS4gUIkrlJoqbyr6J6tG5rEb1pm2-w0lqpSwR2-AQM916yMBuX52g/s320/dell-hymes-01.png" title="Dell Hymes" width="184" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkHpoTmJoHCmt-tFz9JxA50BltrroG_5U_n3HNabNhDvyO5L6-1foumNjXpLaqsHPBaYouG1VooOg80n8i7_42ObXzOhBIoKRMGfp18FAoqgA3-OBb5O5i3_1Z0jQMg9inXfXYU_Ggkt8/s1600/dell-hymes-02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dell Hymes with Virginia" border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="866" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkHpoTmJoHCmt-tFz9JxA50BltrroG_5U_n3HNabNhDvyO5L6-1foumNjXpLaqsHPBaYouG1VooOg80n8i7_42ObXzOhBIoKRMGfp18FAoqgA3-OBb5O5i3_1Z0jQMg9inXfXYU_Ggkt8/s320/dell-hymes-02.png" title="Dell Hymes with Virginia" width="292" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHlhwlynVnkTBqPBt6qzbRHt9XTKCgAicJ-DJ8E9jIF5H3f_d-R4z0g6U6XRUpHPvon8bANwCd-UewM-Yl7LjhKk9c2XkzeGPWwOQj-5oLSDJQpjuFFLOArx1p1tJOP2WkkJWn5k6r9V4/s1600/dell-hymes-03.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dell Hymes" border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="295" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHlhwlynVnkTBqPBt6qzbRHt9XTKCgAicJ-DJ8E9jIF5H3f_d-R4z0g6U6XRUpHPvon8bANwCd-UewM-Yl7LjhKk9c2XkzeGPWwOQj-5oLSDJQpjuFFLOArx1p1tJOP2WkkJWn5k6r9V4/s320/dell-hymes-03.jpeg" title="Dell Hymes" width="230" /></a></div>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-77838358390519448602019-07-11T14:38:00.001+06:002019-07-11T14:52:00.577+06:00Michael Halliday Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Michael Halliday</b> is a British linguist and teacher.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRslpkfbk7yp6ivIHXQduZeQLOeJmtQCsyrqNzCP05NYbmU7tCI9d4vR0S0c1iQAvYb71aemdDJ6UsCszVF7gy3efeIkbfhA3xbwG3oG1C6W4E3dFBUeQMF49ibyJnivWWSjm6pO4zSYo/s1600/michael-halliday-quick-facts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Michael Halliday Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRslpkfbk7yp6ivIHXQduZeQLOeJmtQCsyrqNzCP05NYbmU7tCI9d4vR0S0c1iQAvYb71aemdDJ6UsCszVF7gy3efeIkbfhA3xbwG3oG1C6W4E3dFBUeQMF49ibyJnivWWSjm6pO4zSYo/s640/michael-halliday-quick-facts.jpg" title="Michael Halliday Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h4>
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Birth Name: Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday</li>
<li>AKA: M.A.K. Halliday</li>
<li>Date of Birth: 13 April 1925</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Leeds, Yorkshire, England</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Aries</li>
<li>Date of Death: 15 April 2018</li>
<li>Died at Age: 93</li>
<li>Place of Death: Sydney, Australia</li>
<li>Place of Burial: NA</li>
<li>Cause of Death: Natural causes</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: British</li>
<li>Father: Wilfred Halliday</li>
<li>Mother: Winifred Halliday née Kirkwood</li>
<li>Spouse(s):</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Trenchu Wong (m. 1947)</li>
<li>Irene (‘Pat’) Woolf (m. 1952)</li>
<li>Anne McLaren</li>
<li>Brenda Stephen (m. 1961)</li>
<li>Ruqaiya Hasan (1931–2015) (m. 1967)</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Children:</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>By Woolf: Son- Andrew Daughter- Polly</li>
<li>By Ruqaiya Hasan: Son - Neil</li>
<li>By Anne McLaren: Daughter- Caroline</li>
<li>By Brenda Stephen: Daughter- Clare</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: University of London; Peking University; University of Cambridge.</li>
<li>Michael Halliday is Known for: developing Systemic Functional Linguistics</li>
<li>Michael Halliday is criticized for: NA</li>
<li>Michael Halliday was influenced by: Vilém Mathesius (Prague school) Wang Li, J.R. Firth, Benjamin Lee Whorf</li>
<li>Michael Halliday’s Works Inspired: Ruqaiya Hasan, C.M.I.M. Matthiessen, J.R. Martin, Norman Fairclough</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Career History</h4>
<ul>
<li>1954–1958: Assistant Lecturer in Chinese, Cambridge University</li>
<li>1958–1963:Lecturer in General Linguistics and Reader, University of Edinburgh</li>
<li>1963–1970: Director of Communication Research Center, University College, London</li>
<li>1964: Linguistic Society of America Professor, Indiana University</li>
<li>1965–971: Professor of Linguistics, UCL</li>
<li>1972–1973: Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University</li>
<li>1973–1974: Professor of Linguistics, University of Illinois</li>
<li>1974-1975: Professor of Language and Linguistics, Essex University</li>
<li>1976–1987: Foundation Professor of Linguistics, University of Sydney</li>
<li>1988: Emeritus Professor of University of Sydney</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Membership</h4>
<ul>
<li>Philological Society (United Kingdom)</li>
<li>Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States</li>
<li>Linguistic Society of America</li>
<li>Australian Linguistics Society.</li>
<li>Applied Linguistics Association of Australia</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“It is part of the task of linguistics to describe texts, and all texts, including those prose or verse, which fall within any definition of literature and are accessible to analysis by the existing methods of linguistics.” - <a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">Michael Halliday, <i>The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching</i></a></blockquote>
<h4>
Major Works</h4>
The linguistic sciences and language teaching (1964)<br />
Intonation and Grammar in British English (1967)<br />
A course in spoken English (1970)<br />
Explorations in the functions of language (1973)<br />
Language and Social Man (1974)<br />
Learning how to Mean: Explorations in the Development of Language (1975)<br />
Halliday: System and Function in Language: Selected Papers (1976)<br />
Cohesion in English (1976)<br />
Language as a Social Semiotic (1978)<br />
Lexical Cohesion (1979)<br />
Readings in Systemic Linguistics (1981)<br />
Learning Asian Languages (1986)<br />
An Introduction to Functional Grammar (1985)<br />
Spoken and Written Language (1985)<br />
New Developme5nts in Systemic Linguistics: Theory and application (1988)<br />
Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspective (1985)<br />
Writing science (1993)<br />
Discourse in Society: Systemic Functional Perspectives (1995)<br />
Construing Experience through Meaning (1999)<br />
On language and linguistics (2003)<br />
The Language of Early Childhood (2002)<br />
On grammar (2002)<br />
The Language of Science (2000)<br />
Linguistic Studies of Text and Discourse (2002)<br />
Computational and Quantitative Studies (2004)<br />
Lexicology and Corpus Linguistics (2004)<br />
Studies in Chinese Language (2005)<br />
Language and Society (2007)<br />
Language and Education (2007) <br />
Lexicology: A Short Introduction (2007)<br />
Intonation in the Grammar of English (2008)<br />
The Essential Halliday (2009)<br />
Halliday in the 21st Century (2013)<br />
Aspects of Language and Learning (2016)<br />
Text Linguistics: The how and why of Meaning (2014)<br />
An Introduction to Relational Network Theory: History, Principles, and Descriptive Applications (2017)<br />
Verbal Art and Verbal Science: The Chess Moves of Language (2018)<br />
<h4>
Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Michael Halliday’s father, Wilfred Halliday, was a dialectologist, an English teacher and a poet of the Yorkshire dialect, having deep predilection for grammar and Elizabethan drama.</li>
<li>His mother, Winifred Kirkwood, was a French teacher; during the First World War she held the position of Editor of <i>The Gryphon</i>, the official newspaper of the University of Leeds.</li>
<li>Halliday attained a B.A. in Chinese language and literature from the University of London.</li>
<li>He completed postgraduate work in linguistics, first at Peking University and later at the University of Cambridge.</li>
<li>Michael Halliday obtained his Ph.D. in 1955 from Peking University.</li>
<li>Halliday has honorary doctorates from University of Birmingham (1987), York University (1988), the University of Athens (1995), Macquarie University (1996), Lingnan University (1999) and Beijing Normal University (2011).</li>
<li>Michael Halliday founded the Department of Linguistics at the University of Sydney in 1976.</li>
<li>While serving at the University of Sydney, Halliday founded the Sydney School.</li>
<li>After his retirement from the University of Sydney in 1987 he became the Emeritus Professor in the same university.</li>
<li>The Department of Linguistics of the University of Sydney honoured Halliday with the founding of the Halliday Medal upon his retirement; in 2014, Halliday presented the award personally at the School of Literature, Art and Media’s prize-giving ceremony.</li>
<li>Halliday’s works particularly concerned with applying the understanding of the basic principles of language to the theory and practices of education.</li>
<li>Halliday married several times in his life.</li>
<li>Halliday has four grandchildren: Bianca, Nicole, Rhona and Cameron.</li>
<li>After the demise of his beloved wife, Ruqaiya Hasan in 2015, he suffered terribly from the loss.</li>
<li>He died at Uniting Wesley Heights Nursing Home in Manly, New South Wales, Australia.</li>
</ul>
<br /></div>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-24442391602764288152019-07-10T10:40:00.002+06:002019-07-11T14:54:02.292+06:00Richard Hudson Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Richard Hudson</b> is a British linguist and a retired professor.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh25n312Dypj2P5ssvJuOsxJHkhceFvKOk8GCm529OHI6GHrayiZzO8l-7zWxIppvg9mNPoxV4ab6QI6WQtR9qIqEZF4X8J6Pi0cRBml1tyXIK3eiSSb2Unu-KlMJddmdo62lfy8UuQ5k/s1600/richard-hudson-quick-facts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Richard Hudson Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh25n312Dypj2P5ssvJuOsxJHkhceFvKOk8GCm529OHI6GHrayiZzO8l-7zWxIppvg9mNPoxV4ab6QI6WQtR9qIqEZF4X8J6Pi0cRBml1tyXIK3eiSSb2Unu-KlMJddmdo62lfy8UuQ5k/s640/richard-hudson-quick-facts.jpg" title="Richard Hudson Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h4>
Profile</h4>
<ul>
<li>Birth Name: Richard Anthony Hudson</li>
<li>AKA: Richard Anthony "Dick" Hudson; Richard (Dick) Hudson; Dick Hudson; Richard Hudson</li>
<li>Date of Birth: September, 18 1939</li>
<li>Place of Birth: Sussex, England, United Kingdom</li>
<li>Zodiac Sign: Virgo</li>
<li>Ethnicity: White</li>
<li>Nationality: British</li>
<li>Father: John Pilkington Hudson (1910 – 2007)</li>
<li>Mother: Gretta Hudson née Heath (1910-1989)</li>
<li>Siblings: 2</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Brother-John Colin Hudson (1938 – 2004)</li>
<li>Brother- George Bryan Stephens Heath</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Spouse: Gaynor Evans</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Children: 2</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Daughter - Lucy</li>
<li>Daughter- Alice</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Alma Mater: Loughborough Grammar School, Leicestershire; Corpus Christi College; Cambridge, School of Oriental and African Studies</li>
<li>Richard Hudson is known for: his theory of Word Grammar.</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Sociolinguists don’t set out to produce Grand Theories, so there are no schools of sociolinguistics. They’re also very self-critical on matters of method and data, and are forever wishing that their sociology was better. There are theories, but most sociolinguists are rather down-to-earth people with rather practical concerns and not much time for theory. At this stage in its development the subject probably has the right priorities—mainly collecting and cataloguing fairly low-level data.” - <a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">Richard Hudson, <i>Interview with Richard Hudson by Joseph Hilferty</i></a></blockquote>
<h4>
Major Works</h4>
English Complex Sentences: An Introduction to Systematic Grammar (1971)<br />
Arguments for a Non-Transformational Grammar (1976)<br />
Sociolinguistics (1980)<br />
Word Grammar (1984a)<br />
Introduction to Linguistics (1984b)<br />
English Word Grammar (1990)<br />
Teaching Grammar: A Guide for the National Curriculum (1992)<br />
Word Meaning (1995)<br />
English Grammar (1998)<br />
Language Networks: The New Word Grammar (2007)<br />
An Introduction to Word Grammar (2010)<br />
Oxford Teaching Guides: How to Teach Grammar (2019)<br />
<h4>
Did You Know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Richard Hudson is the second child born to John Pilkington Hudson and Mary Gretta Hudson.</li>
<li>His father was a horticulturalist and bomb-disposal officer.</li>
<li>Apart from staying in New Zealand from 1945 to 1948, he has lived in England for most of his life.</li>
<li>At present Hudson resides in North London.</li>
<li>He joined University College London in 1970 and spent the whole of his working life there as Lecturer, Reader then Professor of Linguistics.</li>
<li>Although retired in 2004, at present he holds the position of an Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at University College London.</li>
<li>He is a Fellow of the British Academy.</li>
<li>Hudson did his doctoral thesis on the grammar of Beja, a Semitic language spoken in north-eastern Africa.</li>
<li>His 1980 publication, Sociolinguistics is considered as a classic book in the field of Sociolinguistics.</li>
<li>Professor Hudson has done wide-ranging work in the area of syntax.</li>
</ul>
</div>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-20655321752827770742019-07-04T13:16:00.003+06:002019-07-04T13:16:56.283+06:00Ronald Wardhaugh Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Ronald Wardhaugh</b> is a Canadian retired professor of linguistics.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEj1dtjmBXKXWY9-75w5WqGNUDqNVplI9vceJ-hG7OFujE6-MDB16ID2HQz_gEpmcVijRXI69joTCFNUWcHf4Bmu4oygxKw7vewT1rUYy5owSBA6HQ9L0BgIxLEOgYez3DXAgPxHS0Gd0/s1600/Ronald-Wardhaugh-Quick-Facts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ronald Wardhaugh Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEj1dtjmBXKXWY9-75w5WqGNUDqNVplI9vceJ-hG7OFujE6-MDB16ID2HQz_gEpmcVijRXI69joTCFNUWcHf4Bmu4oygxKw7vewT1rUYy5owSBA6HQ9L0BgIxLEOgYez3DXAgPxHS0Gd0/s640/Ronald-Wardhaugh-Quick-Facts.jpg" title="Ronald Wardhaugh Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<h4>
</h4>
<h4>
Profile</h4>
Full Name: Ronald Wardhaugh<br />
Date of Birth: 1932<br />
Place of Birth: Canada<br />
Nationality: Canadian<br />
Ethnicity: White<br />
Known for: his book <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i><br />
<h4>
Major Works</h4>
<ul>
<li>English for a Changing World Level 1 (1984)</li>
<li>How Conversation Works (1985)</li>
<li>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (1986)</li>
<li>Reading: A Linguistic Perspective (1969)</li>
<li>Introduction to Linguistics (1971)</li>
<li>The Contexts of Language (1976)</li>
<li>Investigating Language (1993)</li>
<li>Language and Nationhood (1983)</li>
<li>Languages in Competition: Dominance, Diversity, and Decline (1987)</li>
<li>Understanding English Grammar (1995)</li>
<li>Proper English: Myths and Misunderstandings about Language (1999)</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code. In most cases that code will be something we may also want to call a language.”<br />
<br />
<a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" more="" quotes="" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">― Ronald Wardhaugh, <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i></a></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“… sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication; the equivalent goal in the sociology of language is trying to discover how social structure can be better understood through the study of language, e.g., how certain linguistic features serve to characterize particular social arrangements.”<br />
<a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">― Ronald Wardhaugh, <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i></a></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<br />
“While people do usually know what language they speak, they may not always lay claim to be fully qualified speakers of that language. They may experience difficulty in deciding whether what they speak should be called a <i>language</i> proper or merely a <i>dialect</i> of some language.”<br />
<a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">― Ronald Wardhaugh, <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i></a></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Taboo is the prohibition or avoidance in any society of behavior believed to be harmful to its members in that it would cause them anxiety, embarrassment, or shame. It is an extremely strong politeness constraint. Consequently, so far as language is concerned, certain things are not to be said or certain objects can be referred to only in certain circumstances, for example, only by certain people, or through deliberate circumlocutions, i.e., euphemistically. Of course, there are always those who are prepared to break the taboos in an attempt to show their own freedom from such social constraints or to expose the taboos as irrational and unjustified, as in certain movements for ‘free speech.’”<br />
<br />
<a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">― Ronald Wardhaugh, <i>An Introduction to Sociolinguistics</i></a></blockquote>
<h4>
Did you know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Ronald Wardhaugh held the position of professor from 1975 to 1995 in the Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto.</li>
<li>Wardhaugh served in various capacities, such as Assistant Professor (1966 to 1968), Associate Professor (1968 to 1972), and Professor of Linguistics (1972 to 1975) in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.</li>
<li>He held the position of Chairman in the Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto from 1975 to 1986.</li>
<li>In 1995 the University of Toronto conferred him the position of Emeritus Professor.</li>
<li>His book <i>An Introduction To Sociolinguistics</i> (1986) has been widely deemed to be the most resourceful and comprehensive work on sociolinguistic literature.</li>
</ul>
</div>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-31341911525143439332019-06-13T18:51:00.001+06:002019-06-13T18:51:24.558+06:00Peter Roach Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Peter Roach</b> (b.1943) is a British phonetician.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqFFOTpWdunh87g7x59LP1my8oXrYjhDQGFp-sSw1OADO4wsTTQvkpn67ctTNdTq9MaZAtUMWgwiVlpednggQOyCxeI2nvncbu3XB-AF74JY3rMAyANo7HKvWuhGFeeoGBubiGzOUjmQA/s1600/peter-roach.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Peter Roach Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqFFOTpWdunh87g7x59LP1my8oXrYjhDQGFp-sSw1OADO4wsTTQvkpn67ctTNdTq9MaZAtUMWgwiVlpednggQOyCxeI2nvncbu3XB-AF74JY3rMAyANo7HKvWuhGFeeoGBubiGzOUjmQA/s640/peter-roach.jpg" title="Peter Roach Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h4>
Profile</h4>
Birth Name: Peter John Roach<br />
AKA: Peter Roach<br />
Date of Birth: June 30, 1943<br />
Birthplace: London, United Kingdom<br />
Zodiac Sign: Cancer<br />
Nationality: British<br />
Ethnicity: White<br />
Marital Status: Married<br />
Spouse: Helen (m. 1966)<br />
Children:<br />
<ul>
<li>Son: Sam</li>
<li>Son: Matt</li>
</ul>
Peter Roach is known for: his works on phonetics.<br />
Alma Mater:<br />
<ul>
<li>School: Priory Grammar School, Shrewsbury</li>
<li>Graduation: Oxford (Brasenose College)</li>
<li>Post Graduation: Manchester University; University College London</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
“Languages have different accents: they are pronounced differently by people from different geographical places, from different social classes, of different ages and different educational backgrounds. The word accent is often confused with dialect. We use the word dialect to refer to a variety of a language which is different from others not just in pronunciation but also in such matters as vocabulary, grammar and word order. Differences of accent, on the other hand, are pronunciation differences only.” – <a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">Peter Roach, <i>English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course</i></a><br />
<h4>
Major Books</h4>
1992: Computing in Linguistics and Phonetics, ed. Roach, Peter<br />
2001: Phonetics<br />
2009: English Phonetics and Phonology<br />
2011: The Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary by Daniel Jones, ed. Roach, P., Esling, J. and Setter, J.<br />
<h4>
Did you know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>In 1968 Peter Roach was appointed to the Linguistic Science Department of the University of Reading as a lecturer and taught phonetics there till 1978.</li>
<li>Roach attained his PhD while working in the University of Reading.</li>
<li>He then joined the University of Leeds as Senior Lecturer in Phonetics in the Department of Linguistics & Phonetics.</li>
<li>From 1986 to 1992 Roach was the Secretary of the International Phonetic Association.</li>
<li>Roach moved to the Department of Psychology at Leeds University and was appointed as Professor of Cognitive Psychology.</li>
<li>In 1994 Roach returned to the University of Reading as Professor of Phonetics and Director of the Speech Research Laboratory.</li>
<li>At the University of Reading he was the Head of the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies for four years.</li>
<li>Upon his retirement in September 2003 from the University of Reading, Roach was conferred the Emeritus Professor title of Phonetics.</li>
<li>He is an author of nearly 70 publications.</li>
<li>His book <i>English</i> <i>Phonetics and Phonology</i> has been widely considered as one of the most practical and comprehensive text in the field of phonetics.</li>
<li>Roach is an old car enthusiast.</li>
<li>Although retired, now Roach spends much time in correcting the phonetic entries on Wikipedia.</li>
</ul>
<br /></div>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-83687836541472369262019-05-11T15:38:00.001+06:002019-05-11T15:38:25.204+06:00Contents of Research ProposalA <b>research proposal</b> is put forwarded by a researcher to his supervisor/external examiner with a view to outline his proposed area of study. The basic goal of a research proposal is to justify about the feasibility of the research topic. The prospective researcher should keep in mind that his proposal would only be accepted if it is presented thoughtfully. A unique topic may also be rejected due to poor proposal writing skill. Therefore, it is the quality of writing rather than the quality of the topic that determines the viability of a project proposal. Therefore, in order to get a research proposal approved, the researcher must take care that his proposed methodology is outlined in a convincing manner.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSJqiffAU89R4YTw8qb6XoqQOJeIovvGyeGiU_zNlcrhw1Fx0ihLJ-iIzN2PCd_cuMeAxbUzm7DyC0oy6oxj6sKhNrPBFO9uy1VnpsQbEHd2I-P74T3qd52nKG8BLw8QBqKHfHn8nQbJk/s1600/research-proposal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Contents of Research Proposal" border="0" data-original-height="491" data-original-width="920" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSJqiffAU89R4YTw8qb6XoqQOJeIovvGyeGiU_zNlcrhw1Fx0ihLJ-iIzN2PCd_cuMeAxbUzm7DyC0oy6oxj6sKhNrPBFO9uy1VnpsQbEHd2I-P74T3qd52nKG8BLw8QBqKHfHn8nQbJk/s320/research-proposal.jpg" title="Contents of Research Proposal" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Research proposal does not have any fixed format. Research content varies depending upon topic. Moreover, different disciplines, donor organisations and academic institutions adhere to different formats and requirements. However, every research proposal comprises several common components. The researcher has to opt the appropriate component based on his research problem. Regardless of one’s research area and the methodology he chooses, all research proposals must encompass the following points:<br />
<ol>
<li><b>Introduction: </b>This section should describe in clear terms the research area and findings from previous studies. Moreover, the research proposer should structure his Introduction in such a way that the supervisor may have a very good idea of what the central issue of his proposal will be. The introductory parts should include the following points –
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>The justification or background of the study.</li>
<li>A clear statement of the problem.</li>
<li>What is the field of study about and what is missing from it. </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>The resources: </b>This section should include all the information about various resources that the study will require:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>The source of the resources.</li>
<li>Academic preparation for the research. It must be demonstrated that the groundwork has already been done.</li>
<li>The proposed place of research.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>The significance of the research project: </b>In this segment the researcher has to provide appropriate rationale for choosing the particular place for his research. The significance of the study justifies why the research is important:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>in a particular field of study, and a wider field of study, and</li>
<li>in the context of the country.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>Plan after completion: </b>This section should describe in detail about the benefits that the country or the place of work will receive after its completion. </li>
<br />
<li><b>The timeframe: </b>A detailed timetable scheduling all aspects of the research should be prepared. This will include time taken to conduct background research, questionnaire or interview schedule development, data collection, data analysis and report writing. </li>
<br />
<li><b>Methodology:</b> This section is very important because it tells the Research Committee how the proposer plans to tackle his research problem. This section should be quite detailed – many funding organisations find that the most common reason for proposal failure is the lack of methodological detail. In this section the proposer need to describe the following factors:
<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Dependence on primary, secondary and other materials</li>
<li>The steps to be followed</li>
<li>The format of the paper</li>
<li>Style sheet or the method of documentation to be followed</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><b>Bibliography: </b>At the end of his paper, the researcher has to provide a list of all the sources he used to gather information for the paper. The list of the sources should be arranged in alphabetical order by the first word. The list should consist all the available –
<ul>
<li>Books</li>
<li>Journals, and</li>
<li>Other materials.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-59156114423334738652019-04-28T10:54:00.001+06:002019-04-28T11:17:46.869+06:00Differences between Behaviourism and Innatism<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4>
Introduction</h4>
The manner in which a child acquires language is a matter long debated by linguists and child psychologists alike. During the twentieth century there has been a great deal of psycholinguistic research into how this process takes place. These research findings have revolutionized the way many linguists regard the language learning process. However, the interpretation of these investigations has always been under dispute and it consequently divided linguists into adherents of two contradictory hypotheses: behaviorism on one side and <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2010/02/innatist-theory.html" target="_blank">innatism</a> on the other. The following segment presents a comparative study between these two diametrically opposite theoretical accounts of language acquisition, along with a brief inquiry into their theoretical assumptions.<br />
<h4>
Behaviourism</h4>
The <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2010/02/innatist-theory.html" target="_blank">behaviourist </a>perspective dominated the study of learning throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Behaviorism is an approach to language acquisition based on the proposition that behaviour can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental states. It is a form of materialism, denying any independent significance for mind. It stands on the basic premise that children learn a language in the way in which other habits are learned and that change in observable behaviours are crucial in language learning. The behaviourist perspective’s significance for psychological treatment has been profound, making it one of the pillars of psychological language acquisition theory.<br />
<h4>
Innatism</h4>
Two years later, however, behaviourism came under bitter criticism when the American linguist <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2018/09/noam-chomsky-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">Noam Chomsky</a> (1959) proposed a completely different view of language acquisition. His innatist view was a direct challenge to the established behaviourist theories of the time, rekindling the age-old debate over whether language exists in the mind before experience. He argued that every human child possesses innate knowledge of language structure to detect and reproduce language. That is, language acquisition depends on an unobservable mechanism called <b><i>Language Acquisition Device</i></b> or LAD. Young children learn and apply grammatical rules and vocabulary as they are exposed to them and do not require initial formal teaching. The theory, in fact, has laid out an explanation of human language faculties that has become the model for investigation in other areas of psychology.<br />
<h4>
Diametrically opposite Views</h4>
Considering the theoretical principles of Behaviourism and Innatism individually, it seems that each theory accounts for different aspects of language. Both the behaviourist and the innatist theory provided some fresh insights into the psychological theories of language learning. The proponents of both schools contributed much to explain the possible logical explanation for language acquisition. But they moulded their models from different standpoints. <a href="https://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/2018/09/b-f-skinner-quick-facts.html" target="_blank">Skinner</a>’s behaviourism and Chomsky’s innatism are very much contradictory when they are judged in terms of their individualistic theoretical bases. The theories, indeed, stress on two distinct hypotheses of language acquisition. This divergence has created a gulf between the theories. Several differences arise between the behaviourist and the innatist theories of language acquisition which can be encapsulated in the following way :<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;"><b>Behaviourism</b></td>
<td style="width: 299px;"><b>Innatism</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Acquisition is an outcome of experience</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Acquisition is an outcome of condition</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Acquisition is a stimulus response process</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Acquisition is a congenital process</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Children learn language by imitation</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Children learn language by application</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Language learning is practice-based</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Language learning is rule-based</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Language acquisition is the result of nurture</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Language acquisition is the result of nature</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Stresses on observable behavior</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Stresses on internal thought processes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Human mind is a blank slate</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Human mind is no tabula rasa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Knowledge exists outside of individuals</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Knowledge exists inside individuals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Learning is determined by the environment</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Learning is determined by the individual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Learning requires formal guidance</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Learning requires no formal assistance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Considers the child as a passive recipient</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Considers the child as an active participant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Language learning is a mechanical process</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Language learning is a creative process</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Is a theory of behaviour, not of knowledge</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Is a theory of knowledge, not of behaviour</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 295px;">Language is akin to other forms of cognition</td>
<td style="width: 299px;">Language is a separate module</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4>
The Verdict</h4>
From the above comparative study it is obvious that the theories differ from each other in a myriad of ways. The study furthermore demonstrates that innatism is much more comprehensive and consistent than that of behaviourism. The innatist perspective offers the promise of enhanced learning and creative thinking, both of which are vital for the child’s psycho-linguistic development.<br />
<br />
Nowadays, however, it is hardly possible to espouse any of these two options directly. Psychological research has recently progressed in the direction of regarding the human being as a mixture of genetically determined capacities and knowledge gained by experience (Konieczna). The human child indeed, acquires language from his/her environment by imitating behaviours of other members of society. But the innatist theory exclusively ignored this issue and viewed language acquisition as the special product of LAD. Chomsky, the chief proponent of innatism opined that exposure to language is a marginal prerequisite for the activation of the LAD, and is irrelevant to the actual learning process. But this innatist claim is not entirely satisfying because history (e.g. Genie, Victor) evince that the child cannot learn language if he/she is isolated from society or human contact. Ruth Clark pointed out that:<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Situation has a fuller role to play in language learning than Chomsky implies, though not precisely the role assigned to it by the behaviourists” (Barman, Sultana, and Basu 31).</blockquote>
<br />
It might be possible that children are required a biological trigger for language acquisition but the genetic trigger could not be activated if there is nobody around them, from whom they could learn behaviour. That means language acquisition requires situational stimuli plus LAD:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPTmzxYFAqG_9S_DUMO9P8EQzCgy3SpeDJim5a-TfDfzf8ccfc8oQEsIU1wYsFciOOVAboMyvLFbTwDaMWpJTsSVIxL-uoRKvLCi1g2lpvOereiGTYvAps15VMxuohROGQ2igyJNm4bU/s1600/language-acquisition-behavourism-innatism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Language Acquisition" border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYPTmzxYFAqG_9S_DUMO9P8EQzCgy3SpeDJim5a-TfDfzf8ccfc8oQEsIU1wYsFciOOVAboMyvLFbTwDaMWpJTsSVIxL-uoRKvLCi1g2lpvOereiGTYvAps15VMxuohROGQ2igyJNm4bU/s1600/language-acquisition-behavourism-innatism.jpg" title="Language Acquisition" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
In conclusion, neither account should be totally dismissed. They should be seen as complementary rather than contradictory. Statements about their validity should be examined carefully in the light of new available data.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span style="color: darkorange;">References</span></h4>
Barman, Dr. Binoy, Zakia Sultana, and Bijoy Lal Basu. <u>ELT: Theory and Practice</u>. Dhaka:<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
FBC, 2006. 24-38.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
<br /></div>
“Behaviourism.” <u>Encyclopaedia Britannica</u>. CD-ROM. US: [Britannica Store], 2003.<br />
<br />
“Behaviorist Learning Theory.” Innovative Learning. 2008. <u>InnovativeLearning.com</u>. 20 Sep 2008<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
< http://www.innovativelearning.com/educational_psychology/behaviorism/index.html >.</div>
<br />
Clark, Herbert H. and Eve V. Clark. Psychology and Language: <u>An Introduction to Psychology</u>.<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
n.p.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977. 258.</div>
<br />
Cook, V[ivian] J[ames]. <u>Chomsky’s Universal Grammar: An Introduction</u>. Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. 1-2.<br />
<br />
Foley, Mary Ann. “Cognitive Psychology.” <u>Microsoft Encarta</u>. DVD-ROM. Redmond: Microsoft, 2005.<br />
<br />
Harmer, Jeremy. <u>The Practice of English Language Teaching</u>. 3rd ed. England:<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
Longman-Pearson, 2001. 68-69.</div>
<br />
“Innatism.” <u>Wikipedia</u>. 2008. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 20 September 2008<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innatism >.</div>
<br />
Konieczna, Ewa. “First Language Acquisition”. <u>Uniwersytet Rzeszowski</u>. 2008.<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
univ.rzeszow.pl. 20 September 2008 <http:// www.univ.rzeszow.pl>.</div>
<br />
“Learning Theories/Behavioralist Theories.” <u>Wikibooks</u>. 2008. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
20 September 2008 <http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Learning_Theories/Behavioralist_Theories>.</div>
<br />
Pinker, Steven. <u>How the Mind Works.</u> New York: Norton, 1997.<br />
<br />
--- .The language instinct. New York: Perennial-Harper, 1995.<br />
<br />
Scovel, Thomas. <u>Psycholinguistics</u>. Oxford: OUP, 1998. 17-18<br />
<br />
“Second Language Teaching and Learning.” <u>Macquarie University: Australia’s Innovative University</u>.<br />
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
2008. Macquarie University. 20 September 2008 < http://www.ling.mq.edu.au>.</div>
<br />
Varshney, Dr. R.L. An Introduction of Linguistics & Phonetics. Dhaka: BOC, n.d. 306-311.<br />
<br />
Yule, George. The Study of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: CUP, 1996. 177.<br />
<br /></div>
Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-47464426741751937322019-03-27T20:21:00.000+06:002019-03-27T21:05:19.904+06:00Rod Ellis Quick Facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Rod Ellis</b> is a British professor and a well-known researcher of second language acquisition, language pedagogy and teacher education.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBuhS6s5J6pLmB2-CuWGh_Wsfb0_UYibey8UxctEt2xbEfmcZHKHypUyjLKWsjLYdbfcgqNblscX6yBsqg013TPjKNiHtQhk0l64JdY88OxBX94R6eQxKCuT9_VhOX_piJnyFNPUY8tZ8/s1600/rod-ellis-quick-facts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rod Ellis Quick facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBuhS6s5J6pLmB2-CuWGh_Wsfb0_UYibey8UxctEt2xbEfmcZHKHypUyjLKWsjLYdbfcgqNblscX6yBsqg013TPjKNiHtQhk0l64JdY88OxBX94R6eQxKCuT9_VhOX_piJnyFNPUY8tZ8/s640/rod-ellis-quick-facts.jpg" title="Rod Ellis Quick facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<h4>
Profile</h4>
Birth Name: Roderick James Ellis<br />
Date of Birth: May 29, 1944<br />
Birthplace: Cheltenham, England<br />
Zodiac Sign: Gemini<br />
Nationality: British<br />
Ethnicity: White<br />
Father: James Donald<br />
Mother: Anne Edith (Fleming) Ellis<br />
Marital Status: Married<br />
Spouse: Takayo Janagisawa (m. 1991)<br />
Children:<br />
<ul>
<li>Daughter: Anne Jennifer Ellis</li>
<li>Son: James Anthony Ellis</li>
</ul>
Rod Ellis is known as: the leading theorist of task-based language learning.<br />
Alma Mater:<br />
<ul>
<li>Bachelor, University Nottingham, 1965</li>
<li>Master of Arts, University Leeds, 1971</li>
<li>MED, University Bristol, 1978</li>
<li>Doctorate from the University of London, 1982</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Awards</h4>
<ul>
<li>BAAL (British Association for Applied Linguists) Book Prize, 1986 for <i>Understanding Second Language Acquisition</i></li>
<li>MLA (Modern Language Association of America) Prize, 1988 for <i>Second Language Acquisition in Context</i> (ed.)</li>
<li>Duke of Edinburgh best book prize, 1995 for <i>The Study of Second language Acquisition</i></li>
</ul>
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
“Instruction does not appear to influence the order of development. No matter what order grammatical structures are presented and practiced in the classroom, learners will follow their own “built-in” syllabus.” – <a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">Rod Ellis, 1984</a></blockquote>
<h4>
Major Books</h4>
<ol>
<li>Classroom Second Language Development (1984)</li>
<li>Understanding second language acquisition (1985)</li>
<li>Instructed Second Language Acquisition (1987)</li>
<li>Second Language Acquisition in Context (ed.) (1987)</li>
<li>Second Language Acquisition & Language Pedagogy (1992)</li>
<li>The Study of Second Language Acquisition (1994)</li>
<li>SLA Research and Language Teaching (1997)</li>
<li>Research and Language Teaching (1998)</li>
<li>First Steps in Reading: A Teacher's Handbook for Using Starter Readers in the Primary School (1998)</li>
<li>Learning a Second Language Through Interaction (1999)</li>
<li>Task-based Language Learning and Teaching (2003)</li>
<li>Understanding Second Language Acquisition (2nd Edition) (2005)</li>
<li>Language Teaching Research and Language Pedagogy (2012)</li>
<li>Reflections on Task-Based Language Teaching (2018)</li>
</ol>
<h4>
Did you know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Rod Ellis has served in the field of language teacher education for many years in different countries, such as Zambia, United Kingdom, Japan, United States, New Zealand, China, and Australia.</li>
<li>Ellis held the longest position in teaching at the University of Auckland where he served from 1998 to 2012.</li>
<li>In 2013 he was appointed as an Emeritus Professor in the University of Auckland.</li>
<li>Ellis is a member of Applied Linguistics Association of New Zealand.</li>
<li>Rod Elis is the recipient Marsden Research Grant, Marsden Fund, 2002.</li>
<li>Ellis has written numerous books on Second Language Acquisition and student and teacher-training textbooks.</li>
<li>At present many of his books on SLA and grammar have been adopted as the core textbooks in TESOL and Linguistics programs across the globe.</li>
<li>His <i>Understanding Second Language Acquisition</i> won the BAAL Book Prize in 1986.</li>
<li>His <i>The Study of Second Language Acquisition</i> was awarded the Duke of Edinburgh prize for the best book in applied linguistics.</li>
<li>In June 25, 1991 Ellis Married Takayo Janagisawa.</li>
<li>The couple has four children.</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Media</h4>
<h5>
Photos</h5>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKmax-ZdziVFltnXNU0H9-BqSizKdxeBQRpHk6aQf00nFnGfL3anHj6EkH-574ArH3Vpuuxx0aTLS1tqwMc6Y9AoATgs9TP-7l4dhfwPuQMNQdXpjStBOkbCx2DtJ90mZ_IZJhHtvviU/s1600/rod-ellis-01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rod Ellis" border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkKmax-ZdziVFltnXNU0H9-BqSizKdxeBQRpHk6aQf00nFnGfL3anHj6EkH-574ArH3Vpuuxx0aTLS1tqwMc6Y9AoATgs9TP-7l4dhfwPuQMNQdXpjStBOkbCx2DtJ90mZ_IZJhHtvviU/s1600/rod-ellis-01.jpg" title="Rod Ellis" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwBVMznVKIEPwzrWcv_af5K30WJk_8I7s3IsuOZCrO3Xd5sb7PMr4X5Ocpb3lnV6vDK5axxgYrEokcL_jbNy77bIzc8iH0J_tVAZhrRvIK2EYk0kZtC8Q1GR7xonMfhsPdKEZ5Dbfqr7k/s1600/rod-ellis-02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rod Ellis" border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwBVMznVKIEPwzrWcv_af5K30WJk_8I7s3IsuOZCrO3Xd5sb7PMr4X5Ocpb3lnV6vDK5axxgYrEokcL_jbNy77bIzc8iH0J_tVAZhrRvIK2EYk0kZtC8Q1GR7xonMfhsPdKEZ5Dbfqr7k/s1600/rod-ellis-02.jpg" title="Rod Ellis" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigt9xXrKGyi1nQw1juoVixM-RUd9RZ3bFkU8wCEBU4HnaoLz-cYhyyWTkosyG4AVodaWUhU_JwR6EiCszy9MrsncA5MG07RMM27lTsRDLB5MGN0on44sqIA8NIwMNhKxLoCIBBL3GOw4/s1600/rod-ellis-03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rod Ellis" border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgigt9xXrKGyi1nQw1juoVixM-RUd9RZ3bFkU8wCEBU4HnaoLz-cYhyyWTkosyG4AVodaWUhU_JwR6EiCszy9MrsncA5MG07RMM27lTsRDLB5MGN0on44sqIA8NIwMNhKxLoCIBBL3GOw4/s1600/rod-ellis-03.jpg" title="Rod Ellis" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWIfLm2HgwQmsoEYydERHx_LKGIf79DlhbCjM9x9Slikmt-Ag0St4M5pHYCM7M_UXa2s6wO4aKE1IOOVFsLjXXaPAtbxwPXZ-b_meW0n7KYYq_LyZOGQcuDGeecW_s-dRxOL0T1fbWrSY/s1600/rod-ellis-04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rod Ellis" border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWIfLm2HgwQmsoEYydERHx_LKGIf79DlhbCjM9x9Slikmt-Ag0St4M5pHYCM7M_UXa2s6wO4aKE1IOOVFsLjXXaPAtbxwPXZ-b_meW0n7KYYq_LyZOGQcuDGeecW_s-dRxOL0T1fbWrSY/s1600/rod-ellis-04.jpg" title="Rod Ellis" /></a></div>
<h5>
</h5>
<h5>
Videos</h5>
<center>
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vjpfNhJatcM" width="560"></iframe></center>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-55211768517476990742019-02-12T16:51:00.000+06:002019-02-12T16:51:44.865+06:00Jim Cummins Quick Facts<b>Jim Cummins</b> is a renowned SLA educator and one of the world’s most important theorists on bilingual education and second language acquisition. Cummins is also a prolific writer who authored and co-authored a number of notable books that reflect his theoretical perspective.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeSWcWrZsoVaGWhp0leieszKy1aHiUmjAfz1QyBq14d2Uknmd-Ji-s2xutoV1FiVxV8UOG6nfLxEt5t9CR2pd1zyEM5pahlUKw1Y_CwaD-NJpaGs-w9bZA13xkwUksLlIHuMlpGe-f0GM/s1600/jim-cummins-quick-facts.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jim Cummins Quick Facts" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1600" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeSWcWrZsoVaGWhp0leieszKy1aHiUmjAfz1QyBq14d2Uknmd-Ji-s2xutoV1FiVxV8UOG6nfLxEt5t9CR2pd1zyEM5pahlUKw1Y_CwaD-NJpaGs-w9bZA13xkwUksLlIHuMlpGe-f0GM/s640/jim-cummins-quick-facts.jpg" title="Jim Cummins Quick Facts" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h4>
Profile</h4>
Name: Jim Cummins<br />
Full Name: James Patrick Cummins<br />
AKA: J. Cummins, James Cummins<br />
Date of Birth: July 3, 1949<br />
Birthplace: Dublin, Ireland<br />
Zodiac Sign: Cancer<br />
Nationality: Irish/Canadian<br />
Ethnicity: Irish<br />
Siblings: 2 brothers<br />
Education: University of Alberta; The National University of Ireland<br />
Cummins is known for: his concept of Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP), and Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP).<br />
Cummins was influenced by: Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, Lily Wong Fillmore, Stephen Krashen, Merril Swain, Alma Flor Ada, and Denis Sayers.<br />
<h4>
Quotes</h4>
<blockquote>
“When students' language, culture and experience are ignored or excluded in classroom interactions, students are immediately starting from a disadvantage. Everything they have learned about life and the world up to this point is being dismissed as irrelevant to school learning; there are few points of connection to curriculum materials or instruction and so students are expected to learn in an experiential vacuum. Students' silence and nonparticipation under these conditions have frequently been interpreted as lack of academic ability or effort, and teachers’ interactions with students have reflected a pattern of low expectations which become self-fulfilling.”<br />
<br />
<span id="goog_2024895945"></span><a href="http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.com/search/label/quotes" target="_blank" title="Read more quotes">-Jim Cummins, Negotiating Identities: Education for Empowerment in a Diverse Society</a><span id="goog_2024895946"></span></blockquote>
<h4>
Major Works</h4>
2007: Literacy, technology, and diversity: Teaching for success in changing times.<br />
2005: Heritage languages.<br />
2003: Lenguaje, poder y pedagogia. Ninos y ninas bilingues entre dos fuegos.<br />
2001: Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society.<br />
2000: Language, power, and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire.<br />
1999: Taftotites ypo Diapragmatefsi.<br />
1996: Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society.<br />
1995/1997: Brave new schools: Challenging cultural illiteracy through global learning networks.<br />
1991: Language learning and bilingualism.<br />
1990: Heritage languages: The development and denial of Canada's linguistic resources.<br />
1989: Assessment and placement of minority students.<br />
1989: Empowering minority students.<br />
1986: Bilingualism in education: Aspects of theory, research and policy.<br />
1984: Bilingualism and special education: Issues in assessment and pedagogy.<br />
1983: Heritage language education: A literature review.<br />
1981: Effects of French language experience at Kindergarten level on academic progress in French immersion programs.<br />
1981: Bilingualism and minority language children.<br />
<h4>
Major Theories</h4>
<ul>
<li>Zone of Proximal Development (1994)</li>
<li>BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills) (1981)</li>
<li>CALPS (Cognitive Academic Linguistics Proficiency Skills) (1981)</li>
<li>CUP (The Common Underlying Proficiency Model) (1981)</li>
<li>SUP (The Separate Underlying Proficiency Model) (1981)</li>
<li>Iceberg Theory (1981)</li>
<li>Due Icebergs Theory (1981)</li>
<li>Threshold Hypothesis (1981)</li>
<li>Length of Time Hypothesis (1981)</li>
<li>Blaming the Victim (1989)</li>
</ul>
<h4>
Did you know?</h4>
<ul>
<li>Jim Cummins was born in Dublin to a middle class family with a respectable banking officer father.</li>
<li>Jim Cummins emigrated to Canada due to turbulent socio-political condition in the then colonized Ireland.</li>
<li>Jim Cummins earned his B.A. (honours) in Psychology with first class from the National University of Ireland In 1970.</li>
<li>Cummins attained his diploma in Applied Psychology from The National University of Ireland in 1971.</li>
<li>He earned his doctorate degree in Educational Psychology in 1974 from the University of Alberta.</li>
<li>During 1976 to 1978 period, he became involved with the Canadian “Parents for French” movement.</li>
<li>Cummins was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Bank Street College of Education in New York City In 1997.</li>
<li>He is currently a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto.</li>
<li>His research centers on the nature of language proficiency and second language acquisition.</li>
<li>The corpus of his publications is voluminous which includes books, journals, monographs, tests and curriculum programs, book chapters, book forwards, and book reviews. </li>
</ul>
<h4>
Media Gallery</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mBiA1yj0PWsYtNa0NXSgTDOn6gjA8FUJzV0kvsSwTGB68uR_vH77tOdm-TmhpGf1Y4DnF0mL40cGiNUN0c-SWE6GW4nroVILhtFWPDIRGRQTSRrwcFRHNE0cxt5fGx7pmiZ7ByTHtyk/s1600/jim-cummins-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Jim Cummins" border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mBiA1yj0PWsYtNa0NXSgTDOn6gjA8FUJzV0kvsSwTGB68uR_vH77tOdm-TmhpGf1Y4DnF0mL40cGiNUN0c-SWE6GW4nroVILhtFWPDIRGRQTSRrwcFRHNE0cxt5fGx7pmiZ7ByTHtyk/s320/jim-cummins-2.jpg" title="Jim Cummins" width="213" /></a></div>
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5971651064373646893.post-62401602540910257742019-02-09T15:56:00.002+06:002019-02-09T15:56:29.120+06:00Dramatic monologue <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Dramatic monologue</b> is a lyric poem wherein a single character speaks, often in a specific situation, either directly to the reader or to a listener. Such poem is dramatic since it features theatrical qualities. However, a dramatic monologue is different from a drama in many ways. Firstly, in a drama, characters develop through outward action and conflict, whereas in a dramatic monologue, the development occurs through the clash of motives within the speaker. Secondly, unlike a drama the character’s speech is delivered in monologue rather than dialogue since a single speaker speaks alone while the listener remains silent. However, a monologue should not be confused with a soliloquy. The former is different from the latter in the sense that in a monologue the speaker reveals his thoughts and feelings to the reader, or to any other character; whereas in a soliloquy, the speaker expresses his thoughts to himself.<br />
The salient features of a dramatic monologue are as under:<br />
<ul>
<li>The poem begins abruptly to catch the reader’s attention.</li>
<li>A single speaker talks to a silent listener.</li>
<li>The speaker is not the poet himself rather a persona created by the poet.</li>
<li>Psychological analysis and clues to suggest the reader about the mode and temperament of the silent listener.</li>
<li>The presence of the listener is ascertained only through the poet’s words.</li>
</ul>
Although this form is very old, the English poet Robert Browning contributed much to improve it. In fact, most of the outstanding instances of dramatic monologues are penned by Browning. Some of his best dramatic monologues include: <i>My Last Duchess</i>, <i>The Bishop Orders His Tomb</i>, <i>Andrea del Sarto</i>, Men <i>and Women</i>, <i>Christmas Eve and Easter Day</i>, <i>Fra Lippo Lippi</i>, <i>Porphyria's Lover</i>, and <i>Dramatis Personae</i>. Other examples include: Eliot’s <i>The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock</i>, Tennyson’s <i>Ulysses, </i>Edgar Allan Poe's<i> The Raven, and </i>Sylvia Plath's<i> Daddy.</i><br />
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Tanvir Shameemhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08499371937632945635noreply@blogger.com0